Repository logo
 

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 16
  • Genetic diversity in the Lusitano horse breed assessed by pedigree analysis
    Publication . Vicente, António; Carolino, Nuno; Gama, Luis
    Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed in the Lusitano horse breed based on pedigree information of animals registered in the Studbook, to identify factors which may have affected the genetic variability of the breed, and provide the bases for the establishment of sustainable utilization programs. Pedigree records collected from 1824 to 2009, including information on 53,411 animals, were used in the analyses. The mean generation interval was 11.33±5.23 and 9.71±4.48 years for sires and dams, respectively, while the mean number of offspring registered was 13.13±22.53 for stallions and 4.00±3.38 for mares. All great-grandparents were known for the animals in the reference population (registered foals born from 2005 to 2009, n=9712), which had a mean number of equivalent generations known of 11.20±0.71 and an average inbreeding of 11.34±7.48%. For this population, the rate of inbreeding per year was 0.173±0.070, and the effective population size computed from this rate was about 28. The mean relationship among animals from the same and from different studs was 0.31±0.16 and 0.15±0.10, respectively. In spite of the high within-stud relationship, inbreeding has been kept lower than expected due to restrictions imposed by breeders on selection and allocation of mates. The effective number of founders, ancestors and studs contributing to the current genetic pool was 27.5, 11.7 and 5.4, respectively. Over the last 30 years, contributions to the genetic pool of Lusitano have been decreasing, with a reduction to about one-half in the effective number of founders and ancestors. Of the 267 founder sires, only 9 Y-chromosome sources are currently represented, with an effective number of 2.23. The diversity of mt-DNA sources is broader, with 129 lineages represented and an effective number of 42.8. The results of our study reflect the intensive emphasis that has been placed on a few sire-families over the years, and raise concerns regarding the conservation of genetic diversity for the future. Methods designed to minimize inbreeding and maximize the maintenance of genetic contributions from different founders and ancestors should be envisaged, to prevent further losses of genetic variability in the Lusitano horse breed.
  • Caractérisation démographique du cheval lusitanien
    Publication . Vicente, António; Carolino, Nuno; Gama, Luis
  • Análise da estrutura genética de populações ovinas churras portuguesas
    Publication . Santos-Silva, F.; Ivo, R.; Sousa, M. C.; Vicente, António; Carolino, M. I.; Carolino, Nuno; Gama, Luis
    A diversidade e estrutura genética foram estudadas em seis raças portuguesas do grupo Churro (Badana, Galega Bragançana, Galega Mirandesa, Mondegueira, Churra da Terra Quente e Algarvia), e na raça exótica Assaf, com um conjunto de 20 microssatélites. Os dados foram analisados com a metodologia bayesiana implementada pelo software STRUCTURE. A variabilidade genética observada sugere a existência de quatro populações ancestrais na sua origem. As raças Assaf e Algarvia estão bem identificadas com populações ancestrais distintas, o que resultará do seu distanciamento geográfico relativamente às restantes raças. As outras raças Churras, cuja área de exploração é o Norte de Portugal, mostram um grau de diferenciação reduzido, e resultam de duas populações ancestrais que contribuem em maior ou menor proporção para cada raça, o que indica que provavelmente terá existido fluxo de genes entre estas raças.
  • Parâmetros genéticos e efeitos ambientais de caracteres reprodutivos em suínos Malhado Alcobaça
    Publication . Vicente, António; Carolino, Nuno; Pereira, Lisbete; Gama, Luis
    No âmbito de um estudo sobre a população suína Malhado de Alcobaça, foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos e os efeitos ambientais para a prolificidade e número de leitões desmamados.Recolheram-se registos produtivos e genealógicos ao longo de 18 anos na única exploração (Selecpor, SA), com reprodutores desta raça, cujo efectivo adulto ronda as 170 fêmeas e 11 machos, obtendo-se 2658 registos de partos e 2569 registos de desmame de cerca de 530 fêmeas, a que correspondia uma matriz de parentesco com 819 indivíduos. As estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e efeitos fixos para a prolificidade (PROL) e número de leitões desmamados (NDL) foram obtidas por máxima verosimilhança restrita, através do BLUP – Modelo Animal, numa análise bivariada, com modelo de registos repetidos que incluía como efeitos aleatórios o valor genético e o efeito ambiental permanente da porca e como efeitos fixos o ano e mês de parto, o efeito linear da consanguinidade individual e os efeitos linear e quadrático da idade ao parto, utilizando-se o programa MTDFREML. Registou-se uma prolificidade média de 9,6 leitões nascidos totais por parto e 8,3 leitões desmamados por ninhada. Verificou-se uma depressão consanguínea de -0,0289 leitões na PROL e de -0,0200 leitões no NDL por cada aumento de 1% no coeficiente de consanguinidade dos reprodutores e que a idade ao parto apresenta um efeito quadrático em ambos caracteres, com valores próximos dos 3 anos. A heritabilidade estimada foi de 0, 05±0,026 para a PROL e 0,10±0,035 para o NDL, enquanto que o efeito ambiental permanente para os mesmos caracteres foi de, respectivamente, 0,08±0,025 e 0,04±0,027.
  • Selection for morphology, gaits and functional traits in Lusitano horses: II. Fixed effects, genetic trends and selection in retrospect
    Publication . Vicente, António; Carolino, Nuno; Ralão-Duarte, J.; Gama, Luis
    Mixed model procedures were used to analyze morphology and gaits records collected in about 18,000 Lusitano horses from 900 studs, over a period of 43 years, and functional records collected since 1998, to carry-out a critical assessment of the fixed effects and selection practices followed in this breed. Fixed effects considered in the analysis of morphology (head/neck, shoulder/withers, chest/thorax, back/loin, croup, legs and overall impression), gaits and final score (computed by summing partial morphological and gaits scores) were stud, year, sex, inbreeding and age. Functional traits analyzed were the scores obtained in working equitation dressage (WEDT) and maneability (WEMT) trials and in classical dressage (CD), where fixed effects were event, level of competition, sex, inbreeding and age. Phenotypic trends were moderate over the period analyzed, with a slight increase in height at withers, and a decline in final score. Nevertheless, differences among years were mostly environmental. Males received lower scores for almost all morphological and gaits traits except croup, with a difference of about −1.7 points for final score relative to females. Sex differences were small for functional traits, with general advantage of males in WEMT and CD, and a disadvantage in WEDT. Considerable differences were detected among studs, especially in their environmental effects but also in mean estimated breeding value (EBV), for morphology, gaits and functionality. The environmental effect of competition level in CD resulted in a progressively lower scoring as the competition became more difficult, while for WEMT the pattern was opposite and differences were minor for WEDT. Inbreeding depression was observed for all morphological and gait traits, but the magnitude of its impact was very small for all traits analyzed, never exceeding −0.1% of the mean per 1% inbreeding. Still, for functional traits the effect of inbreeding was negligible. The EBV for morphology, gaits, WEMT and WEDT show considerable variability, indicating that selection can be effective. For CD, however, the distribution of EBV was narrower. The genetic trend was positive but moderate for all traits, and it was slightly higher for head and neck, overall impression, gaits and final score. As a percentage of the mean, these traits and working equitation trials showed the highest responses, which in the best cases did not exceed 0.2% of the mean per year. Genetic selection differentials and the corresponding selection intensities were very modest for all traits analyzed, with a slightly higher intensity in sires when compared to dams.
  • Selection for morphology, gaits and functional traits in Lusitano horses: I. Genetic parameter estimates.
    Publication . Vicente, António; Carolino, Nuno; Ralão-Duarte, J.; Gama, Luis
    Genetic parameters were estimated for morphology, gaits and functional traits in Lusitano horses by uni- and multivariate animal models. Morphological traits considered in the analyses were partial scores attributed to up to 18,076 horses at the time of registration in the studbook and included head and neck, shoulder and withers, chest and thorax, back and loin, croup, legs and overall impression, plus a final score computed by summing the partial morphological scores and the gaits score. The functional traits considered were the scores obtained in the dressage and maneability trials of working equitation (WE, about 1500 records by 200 horses), and classical dressage (12,131 records by 759 horses). The heritability (h2) estimates for all partial morphological scores ranged between 0.12 and 0.18, except for legs (0.07). The h2 for final score, height at withers and gaits was 0.18, 0.61 and 0.17, respectively, while for WE dressage trial and classical dressage it was 0.32 and for WE maneability trial it was 0.18. The genetic correlations (rG) of final score with the different partial scores were generally high (0.56–0.95), while among partial components of morphology they were positive but widely different (0.08–0.77). With the exception of legs, rG between morphology/gaits and functional traits were positive, with a stronger relationship between morphological traits and performance in WE dressage trial (rG between 0.36 and 0.56) when compared with performance in maneability trial or classical dressage. Height at withers had a rG of 0.40 with performance in classical dressage, but lower rG(0.06 and −0.10) with WE trials. Final score and overall impression had moderate to strong genetic relationships with functional traits, especially with WE dressage trial, while gaits had a strong rG with performance in all the disciplines (0.60–0.72). Indirect selection for morphology/gaits to improve functionality was assessed, by selecting for final score or a combined index of partial scores. Compared to direct selection for functionality, selection for final score or an index combining partial morphological scores would be less effective, resulting in accuracies of, respectively, 0.28 and 0.37 for WE dressage trial, 0.14 and 0.38 for WE maneability trial and 0.22 and 0.39 for classical dressage. Thus, an index combining all partial morphological scores would be better than selection for overall final score, but its relative efficiency compared to direct selection would be about 0.7 in WE dressage trial and classical dressage, and 0.9 in WE maneability trial. Lusitano horses maintain considerable levels of genetic variability, and selection for both morphology and functionality should be effective. The favorable genetic relationships existing between morphology and performance indicate that morphology/gaits traits can play an important role in a two-stage selection program, contributing to enhance selection response when the genetic improvement of working equitation or classical dressage is intended.
  • Caracterização morfológica do porco "Malhado de Alcobaça"
    Publication . Vicente, António; Pereira, Lisbete; Carolino, Nuno; Carolino, M. I.; Gama, Luis
    Realizou-se um estudo da população suína Malhado de Alcobaça, com vista à sua caracterização morfológica. Para a caracterização morfológica estudaram-se os pesos dos animais (10 machos e 50 fêmeas) e diferentes medições morfométricas (14 parâmetros relativos a diferentes alturas, larguras e perímetros baseados em grelhas de medição, com diversos instrumentos de medida (craveira, bastão zootécnico, compasso e fita métrica. As variáveis biométricas obtidas foram posteriormente sujeitas a tratamento estatístico. Nas medições e pesagens efectuadas aos animais, o peso adulto desta população, apresentou valores médios de 212kg para fêmeas e 250kg para machos. Relativamente às medições biométricas e aos 14 parâmetros analisados verificou-se uma maior homogeneidade entre os animais, comparativamente ao peso vivo adulto que apresentou o maior coeficiente de variação.
  • Biodiversidade caprina em Portugal
    Publication . Carolino, Nuno; Sousa, C. B.; Carolino, I.; Santos-Silva, F.; Sousa, C. O.; Vicente, António; Ginja, C.; Gama, Luis
    Em Portugal a produção de caprinos está normalmente associada a zonas pobres e a recursos agrossilvopastoris dificilmente aproveitáveis por outras espécies. O efetivo caprino é atualmente constituído por cerca de 340 mil fêmeas reprodutoras, 1/8 das quais representadas pelas raças autóctones Algarvia, Bravia, Charnequeira, Preta de Montesinho, Serpentina e Serrana. A origem e evolução dos efetivos caprinos portugueses são controversas, mas diversos autores sugerem que resultam de cruzamentos entre animais provenientes de diversas regiões da Península Ibérica e do norte de África. As atuais seis raças autóctones apresentam um grau de diferenciação inter-racial reduzido, mas níveis elevados de diversidade genética. A maioria dos caprinos é explorada em sistemas extensivos, em equilíbrio com o meio ambiente, na dupla vertente carne-leite, em que o leite produzido é utilizado no fabrico de queijo. Devido à diversidade de raças caprinas e de sistemas de produção, bastante associados a tradições e às características edafoclimáticas de cada região, existe uma grande variedade de produtos transformados (queijos e carne), alguns deles com certificações reconhecidas pela União Europeia (Denominação de Origem Protegida, Indicação Geográfica Protegida e Especialidade Tradicional Garantida). Presentemente, todas as raças caprinas autóctones dispõem de programas de conservação e melhoramento, da responsabilidade das Associações de Criadores gestoras dos livros genealógicos, com o apoio de várias instituições e a supervisão do Ministério da Agricultura. Contribuindo para o sustento de inúmeras empresas agrícolas familiares portuguesas, os caprinos são fundamentais para a fixação de populações no espaço rural e para a sua gestão sustentável. Não sendo um sector em expansão, a caprinicultura portuguesa, continua a desempenhar um papel extremamente importante do ponto de vista socioeconómico e cultural nas regiões mais desfavorecidas do interior do país.