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- The quantification of absolute and relative training and match data across a typical microcycle utilizing a match day minus approach: A case study examining female professional soccer playersPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Espada, Mário; Santos, Fernando; Fernandes, Renato; Brito, João Paulo; Nalha, Matilde; Morgans, RylandThis study aimed to quantify the absolute and relative data across a typical microcycle (MC) in female professional soccer players utilizing a match day minus (MD-) approach. Ten players (24.7 ± 2.6 years) from an elite female Portuguese team participated in this case study. Data was analyzed in absolute or relativized values (per minute) and included the following metrics: duration, total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR, >15 km/h), number of accelerations (ACC, >1–2 m.s−2 [ACC1]; >2–3 m.s−2 [ACC2]; >3–4 m.s−2 [ACC3]; >4 m.s−2 [ACC4]) and decelerations (DEC, <1–2 m.s−2 [DEC1]; <2–3 m.s−2 [DEC2]; <3–4 m.s−2 [DEC3]; <4 m.s−2 [DEC4]). Total distance showed a significant difference between MD-4 and MD-2 (p = 0.047, moderate effect), which presented the lowest value of all MC days, while MD presented the highest value of HSR compared to all training days (p < 0.001, large to very large effect) for both absolute and relativized data. Relative data showed higher values for MD-5 with significant differences during MD-2 for ACC1, ACC2, DEC1, and DEC2 (p < 0.01, large to very large effect), while absolute data showed higher values during MD-4 for ACC2, DEC1, and DEC2 (p < 0.01, large to very large effect). Absolute ACC3 was higher during MD-3, denoting significant differences from MD-2 (p = 0.002, large effect). This study highlighted that it is possible to train, in specific sessions, with identical loading patterns of match play, specifically for ACC and DEC metrics. However, HSR distance was found to be higher during MD, while training values were significantly lower.
- Are male soccer players accumulating sufficient load across varying microcycle structures? Examining the load, wellness and training/match ratios of a professional teamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Canário-Lemos, Rui; Morgans, Ryland; Peixoto, Rafael; Vilaça-Alves, José; Brito, João PauloProfessional soccer involves varying numbers of training sessions and matches eachweek, which can influence load distribution. Understanding the exact distribution may allow appropriate load periodisation and planning for players. Thus, this study aimed to (i) compare accumulated load and wellness between weeks with different numbers of training sessions and (ii) compare training/match ratio (TMr) of external and internal load between weeks with different numbers of training sessions. Ten players with a minimum of 45 minutes of weekly match-play were analysed over 16 weeks. The microcycle structures consisted of three (3dW), four (4dW), five (5dW) and six (6dW) training sessions plus match-day per week. The following measures were used for analysis: duration, fatigue, quality of sleep, muscle soreness, stress, mood, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session-RPE (s-RPE), high-speed running distance (HSR), sprint distance (SPD), number of accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC). Accumulated wellness/load were calculated by adding all training and match sessions, while TMr was calculated by dividing accumulated load by match data. The main results showed that accumulated wellness and load were significantly different, with moderate to very large effect sizes, except regarding mood, duration, s-RPE, SPD during 5dW vs. 6dW and s-RPE, HSR, SPD, ACC and DEC during 3dW vs. 4dW (all p > 0.05). Moreover, 6dW was significantly higher than 4dW regarding TMr of duration (p < 0.05, moderate effect size), RPE, HSR and SPD (all p < 0.05 with very large effect sizes) and for 3dW of HSR and ACC (p < 0.05 with very large effect sizes). This study showed that 5dW and 6dW had higher training measures than 3dW or 4dW. Additionally, higher wellness was presented in the microcycles with higher training frequencies. These findings suggest that physical load and wellness were not adjusted according to the number of training sessions within a microcycle.
- Análise da variação da carga Interna de treino ao longo de dez microciclos dos períodos preparatório e competitivo numa equipa europeia de futebol jovemPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; Dinis, Miguel; Ferreira, Francisco; Brito, João PauloO presente estudo comparou a carga semanal de treino interno em 10 microciclos (M) em atletas sub-12. Vinte e oito jogadores de futebol sub-12 (idade, 10,96 ± 0,19 anos, altura, 152,82 ± 7,47 cm, peso 40,76 ± 6,29 kg) participaram no estudo. A carga de treino interno foi quantificada através da perceção subjetiva de esforço da sessão. Foram calculadas a carga semanal média, a carga semanal acumulada, a monotonia e tensão do treino para cada M (1 a 5 do período preparatório e 6 a 10 do período competitivo). Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas considerando todas as métricas (p < 0,001 para todas). Especificamente, a carga semanal média foi menor nos M4 e M7, enquanto a carga semanal acumulada foi menor nos M1, M2 e M9. A monotonia do treino e o esforço do treino apresentaram os valores mais baixos (p < 0,001 para todos) nos M1 e M9 (0 unidades arbitrárias) e os mais elevados no M6. Os dados revelaram variações de carga com todas as métricas analisadas. No entanto, as principais diferenças foram encontradas entre os microciclos com menor número de sessões de treino (uma ou duas) e os restantes microciclos, o que revela uma manutenção geral da carga ao longo dos períodos preparatório e competitivo. No entanto, este parece ser o primeiro estudo realizado com atletas sub-12, fornecendo dados relevantes para os treinadores e as suas equipas técnicas.
- Similarity Index Values in Fuzzy Logic and the Support Vector Machine Method Applied to the Identification of Changes in Movement Patterns During Biceps-Curl Weight-Lifting ExercisePublication . Peres, A.B.; Almeida, T.A.F.; Massini, D.A.; Macedo,A.G.; Espada, M.C.; Robalo, R.A.M.;; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João Paulo; Pessôa Filho, D.M.Background/Objectives: Correct supervision during the performance of resis tance exercises is imperative to the correct execution of these exercises. This study presents a proposal for the use of Morisita–Horn similarity indices in modelling with machine learning methods to identify changes in positional sequence patterns during the biceps-curl weight-lifting exercise with a barbell. The models used are based on the fuzzy logic (FL) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. Methods: Ten male volunteers (age: 26 ±4.9 years, height: 177 ± 8.0cm, bodyweight: 86 ± 16kg)performedastandingbarbell bicep curl with additional weights. A smartphone was used to record their movements in the sagittal plane, providing information about joint positions and changes in the se quential position of the bar during each lifting attempt. Maximum absolute deviations of movement amplitudes were calculated for each execution. Results: A variance analysis revealed significant deviations (p < 0.002) in vertical displacement between the standard execution and execution with a load of 50% of the subject’s body weight. Experts with over thirty years of experience in resistance-exercise evaluation evaluated the exercises, and their results showed an agreement of over 70% with the results of the ANOVA. The similarity indices, absolute deviations, and expert evaluations were used for modelling in both the FL system and the SVM. The root mean square error and R-squared results for the FL system (R2 = 0.92, r = 0.96) were superior to those of the SVM (R2 = 0.81, r = 0.79). Conclusions: The use of FL in modelling emerges as a promising approach with which to support the assessment of movement patterns. Its applications range from automated detection of errors in exercise execution to enhancing motor performance in athletes.
- Long-term impact of physical activity levels after high-speed resistance training on cardiac autonomic control in independent older adultsPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre António Ferreira; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Oliveira, Rafael; Gonçalves, Bruno; Batalha, NunoThis study investigated the influence of physical activity (PA) levels on the long-term retention of the effects on cardiac autonomic control, assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), following a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program over a 12-month follow-up period. At 12-month follow-up period, 36 participants who completed the measurements were categorized into light activity group (LAG) and moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG) based on their PA levels. HRV data were recorded over a 6-min period. Significant within-group differences were observed over time. In MVAG, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower at the 6-month follow-up compared to pre-intervention (dunb = −0.87), while in LAG, diastolic blood pressure was lower at the 12-month follow-up compared to post-intervention (dunb = −0.66). Additionally, MVAG demonstrated significantly higher mean RR values at the 12-month compared to the 6-month follow-up (dunb = 0.49). Moreover, minimum and mean heart rate values were significantly higher at the 6-month compared to the 12-month follow-up (dunb = −0.39 and dunb = −0.42, respectively) in MVAG. Lastly, Sample Entropy was significantly higher in LAG compared to MVAG at 12-month follow-up (dunb = −0.89). In conclusion, participants who maintained moderate-to-vigorous PA during the 12-month follow-up demonstrated better retention of parasympathetic-related indices effects, as well as overall autonomic nervous system markers.
- The effects of detraining on lower force and maximum aerobic power in pre-pubescent football athletesPublication . Brito, João Paulo; Jacinto, J.; Fernandes, Renato; Louro, Hugo; Conceição, AnaOBJECTIVE Detraining results in the loss of cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics and consequently results in the reduction of VO2max and muscular strength (Coyle, 1994, Evangelista & Brum, 1999). For most researchers the VO2max is an indicator of greater fidelity in the characterization of aerobic power of an individual, as well as their level of fitness (1,2,3,4,5,6). Because detraining in young athletes has received little attention, is important to discuss this area. In adults, training-induced increases in muscle strength and VO2max appear to decline during detraining about and in the same rate as they increase during training. To date, only one study (Blimkie et al., 1989) looked at the effects of 8 weeks of detraining in prepubertal boys following 20 weeks of resistance training. The training-induced strength gains regressed towards the growth-adjusted control level during the detraining period, suggesting that alike with adults, training adaptations are reversible (Blimkie et al., 1989). The aim of this study was to know the effect of detraining in a period of 34 days on the Maximum Aerobic Power (MAP) and Lower Force (LF), in pre-pubescent children football players. METHODS Eight pre-pubescent male football players (age 12.75 ± 0.71years; weight 41.46 ± 6.66 kg; height 1,51 ± 0.06 cm; BMI 19,30 ± 3,59) were assessed before and after 5 weeks of a detraining period. A Modified Balke maximal protocol using ergo-spirometry procedures (Cosmed® K4b2) was selected to determine VO2max and the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold (VAT) as estimates for the aerobic capacity. To access the LF a Coutermovement Jump (CMJ) was made in the Ergojump®. Data comparisons were set to determine the relationships between the parameters resulting from testing. RESULTS The MAP (VO2max/kg) show a significant difference from the pre vs post detraining period (69,27 ± 5,41 ml.kg.min-1 vs 63,22 ± 4,95 ml.kg.min-1, p=0,002) however the LF doesn’t report significant changes. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION The results suggest that 5 weeks of detraining decrease the MAP (VO2max/kg) of pre-pubescent football players although not significant changes were report on the LS parameter.
- Analysis of Internal Training Load Variation Over Ten Microcycles of the Preparatory and Competitive Periods in a European Youth Football TeamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; da Costa Dinis, Miguel; Ferreira, Francisco; Brito, João PauloThe current study compared weekly internal training load across 10 microcycles (M) in under-12 athletes. Twenty-eight under-12 soccer players (age, 10.96 ± 0.19 years; height, 152.82 ± 7.47 cm; weight, 40.76 ± 6.29 kg) participated in the study. Internal training load was quantified using session Rating of Perceived Exertion. The average weekly load, accumulated weekly load, monotony and training strain were calculated for each M (1 to 5 of the preparatory period and 6 to 10 of the competitive period). Results revealed significant differences considering all metrics (all, p < .001). Specifically, the average weekly load was lower in M4 and M7, while the accumulated weekly load was lower in M1, M2 and M9. Training monotony and training strain showed lower values (all, p < .001) in M1 and M9 (0 arbitrary units) and the highest on M6. The data revealed load variations with all metrics analysed. However, the main differences were found between the microcycles with the lowest number of training sessions (one or two) and the remaining microcycles, which reveals a general maintenance of the load throughout the preparatory and competitive periods. However, this appears to be the first study carried out with under-12 athletes, providing relevant data for coaches and their technical staff.
- Effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training program on heart rate variability indices in community-dwelling independent older adults: A clinical trialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, NunoThis study explored the impact of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in independent older adults. The participants were divided into either an intervention group (IG, N = 40) or a control group (CG, N =39). The IG participated in supervised HSRT sessions three times weekly, comprising 5–6exerciseswith2–3setsand6–10 repetitions, which lasted 60–70 min. The CG did not engage in any exercise program. HRV indices, encompassing time, frequency, and non-linear, were recorded over a six-minute period. The ANCOVA results revealed significant improvements favoring the IG for mean RR (η2 p = 0.050), systolic blood pressure (η2 p = 0.126), and pulse pressure (η2 p = 0.157). Additionally, within-group analyses revealed significant increases in stress index (dunb = 0.52), sample entropy (dunb = 0.38), and DFA α1(dunb = 0.38) exclusively in the CG. This study highlights the significant potential of the HSRT to induce favorable changes in parasympathetic activity and reduce arterial stiffness.
- External load transition practices from pre-season to in-season. A case study in elite female professional soccer playersPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Morgans, Ryland; Fernandes, Renato; Brito, João Paulo; Espada, Mário C.; Santos, Fernando J.Thestudy aim wastocomparetheexternal load during varying microcycles (M1-M4 during pre-season and M5during the in-season) in elite female Portuguese soccer players and to describe external load variations between differing Ms. Fourteen first-team players participated in the study (age 23.29 ± 3.19 years, weight 59.14 ± 6.87 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.08 m). Load measures included total distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance (�15 km/h), number ofaccelerations and decelerations [acceleration 1 (ACC1), >1–2 m/s; acceleration 2 (ACC2), >2–3m/s; acceleration 3 (ACC3), >3–4 m/s; acceleration 4 (ACC4), >4 m/s] and decelerations [deceleration 1 (DEC1), <1–2 m/s; deceleration 2 (DEC2), <2–3 m/s; deceler ation 3 (DEC3), <3–4 m/s; deceleration 4 (DEC4), <4 m/s]. M1 showed higher values of total distance, ACC1, ACC2, ACC3, DEC2,DEC3andDEC4thanM2(p=<0.001–0.04), although HSR washigher inM2(p<0.001). M2showedlowervalues ofHSR, ACC1, DEC1,DEC2,DEC3thanM3(p=0.001–0.04).M3reportedhigher values of total distance, ACC1,ACC2,DEC1,DEC2thanM4(p=<0.001–0.03),whileM4onlyfoundhighervalues of ACC4andDEC4thanM5(both,p=0.01).Thehighestvaluesoccurred inM3for the majority of external load metrics (except ACC3, ACC4, and DEC4 which were higher in M4). However, during the transition from M4 to M5, only ACC4 and DEC4 decreased with all other measures maintained, thus supporting the notion to maintain similar loading patterns during official competition.
- The role of physical activity levels in retaining high-speed resistance training effects on body composition: a 1-year follow-up in older adults.Publication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Batalha, Nuno; Fernandes, Orlando; Oliveira, Rafael; Gonçalves, Bruno; Brito, João PauloPurpose This study evaluated the influence of physical activity (PA) on the retention of body composition effects achieved through a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program over a 1-year follow-up period. Methods Forty independent older adults participated in the supervised 16-week HSRT program. After the intervention ended, participants were encouraged to maintain high PA levels. At the 1-year follow-up, 36 participants completed the assessments and were divided into the light activity group (LAG, N = 20, age 70.00 ± 3.66 years) and the moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG, N = 16, age 68.50 ± 2.09 years). Body composition ( InBody® S10), PA levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and anthropometric measurements were assessed at four time points. Results Significant time effects were observed for several body composition parameters over the 1-year follow-up period, with large effect sizes. Specifically, MVAG revealed significant declines in weight (p = 0.002, dunb = −0.22), body mass index (p = 0.002, dunb = −0.30), and fat mass (%) (p = 0.028, dunb = −0.30) from post-intervention to the 1-year follow-up. Conversely, LAG demonstrated significant reductions in fat-free mass (p = 0.018, dunb = −0.14), muscle mass (p = 0.010, dunb = −0.15), and lean mass (p = 0.014, dunb = −0.14) from pre-intervention to the 6-month follow-up (p < 0.001, dunb = −0.18), with body cell mass also presenting significant declines from post-intervention to the 1-year follow-up (p = 0.035, dunb = −0.13). Despite an overall decline, PA remained relatively higher than pre-intervention, particularly for total weekly activity (minutes) and energy expenditure from moderate-to-vigorous PA. Conclusions This study highlights the benefits of engaging in at least moderate PA activities for retaining the effects achieved on a previous exercise program, particularly reductions in fat mass.