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- The quantification of absolute and relative training and match data across a typical microcycle utilizing a match day minus approach: A case study examining female professional soccer playersPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Espada, Mário; Santos, Fernando; Fernandes, Renato; Brito, João Paulo; Nalha, Matilde; Morgans, RylandThis study aimed to quantify the absolute and relative data across a typical microcycle (MC) in female professional soccer players utilizing a match day minus (MD-) approach. Ten players (24.7 ± 2.6 years) from an elite female Portuguese team participated in this case study. Data was analyzed in absolute or relativized values (per minute) and included the following metrics: duration, total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR, >15 km/h), number of accelerations (ACC, >1–2 m.s−2 [ACC1]; >2–3 m.s−2 [ACC2]; >3–4 m.s−2 [ACC3]; >4 m.s−2 [ACC4]) and decelerations (DEC, <1–2 m.s−2 [DEC1]; <2–3 m.s−2 [DEC2]; <3–4 m.s−2 [DEC3]; <4 m.s−2 [DEC4]). Total distance showed a significant difference between MD-4 and MD-2 (p = 0.047, moderate effect), which presented the lowest value of all MC days, while MD presented the highest value of HSR compared to all training days (p < 0.001, large to very large effect) for both absolute and relativized data. Relative data showed higher values for MD-5 with significant differences during MD-2 for ACC1, ACC2, DEC1, and DEC2 (p < 0.01, large to very large effect), while absolute data showed higher values during MD-4 for ACC2, DEC1, and DEC2 (p < 0.01, large to very large effect). Absolute ACC3 was higher during MD-3, denoting significant differences from MD-2 (p = 0.002, large effect). This study highlighted that it is possible to train, in specific sessions, with identical loading patterns of match play, specifically for ACC and DEC metrics. However, HSR distance was found to be higher during MD, while training values were significantly lower.
- The role of physical activity levels in retaining high-speed resistance training effects on body composition: a 1-year follow-up in older adults.Publication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Batalha, Nuno; Fernandes, Orlando; Oliveira, Rafael; Gonçalves, Bruno; Brito, João PauloPurpose This study evaluated the influence of physical activity (PA) on the retention of body composition effects achieved through a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program over a 1-year follow-up period. Methods Forty independent older adults participated in the supervised 16-week HSRT program. After the intervention ended, participants were encouraged to maintain high PA levels. At the 1-year follow-up, 36 participants completed the assessments and were divided into the light activity group (LAG, N = 20, age 70.00 ± 3.66 years) and the moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG, N = 16, age 68.50 ± 2.09 years). Body composition ( InBody® S10), PA levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and anthropometric measurements were assessed at four time points. Results Significant time effects were observed for several body composition parameters over the 1-year follow-up period, with large effect sizes. Specifically, MVAG revealed significant declines in weight (p = 0.002, dunb = −0.22), body mass index (p = 0.002, dunb = −0.30), and fat mass (%) (p = 0.028, dunb = −0.30) from post-intervention to the 1-year follow-up. Conversely, LAG demonstrated significant reductions in fat-free mass (p = 0.018, dunb = −0.14), muscle mass (p = 0.010, dunb = −0.15), and lean mass (p = 0.014, dunb = −0.14) from pre-intervention to the 6-month follow-up (p < 0.001, dunb = −0.18), with body cell mass also presenting significant declines from post-intervention to the 1-year follow-up (p = 0.035, dunb = −0.13). Despite an overall decline, PA remained relatively higher than pre-intervention, particularly for total weekly activity (minutes) and energy expenditure from moderate-to-vigorous PA. Conclusions This study highlights the benefits of engaging in at least moderate PA activities for retaining the effects achieved on a previous exercise program, particularly reductions in fat mass.
- Editorial: Optimizing athletic recovery: the effects of recovery strategies and sleep on sports performancePublication . Silva, Rui; González-Fernández, Francisco Tomás; Oliveira, Rafael; Aquino, RodrigoIn contemporary sport, recovery has emerged as a central component of the training and competitive process. It is no longer regarded simply as the time that follows exercise or competition, but rather as a complex and multidimensional process that supportsphysiological restoration, psychological readiness, adaptation to training, and the preservation of performance over time. As the physical and mental demands placed on athletes continue to increase, the capacity to recover effectively between sessions and competitions has become a matter of considerable importance for coaches, practitioners, and researchers alike. Growing interest in sleep, well-being, and recovery related interventions reflects a broader recognition that successful performance depends not only on the quality of training but also on the quality of restoration that follows it.
- A predictive model for arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders based on clinical signs and symptomsPublication . Angelo, David Faustino; Cardoso, Henrique José; Geraldes, Carlos; São João, Ricardo; Maffia, Francesco; Sanz, David; Salvado, FranciscoThis study aimed to develop and internally evaluate a multivariable statistical model to identify arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using routinely collected clinical data. The model's performance was compared with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) alone, using an imaging-based classification as the reference standard. This cross-sectional observational study included 1170 consecutive patients attending their first consultation at a tertiary TMD center between August 2019 and August 2024. Arthrogenous TMD was deter mined using combined clinical and imaging assessment according to the Dimitroulis classification. Clinical variables, including age, maximum mouth opening (MMO), individual FAI items, and joint-related complaints, were extracted from the EUROTMJ database. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to develop pre dictive models. Performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity in training (60%) and test (40%) datasets. The final Fonseca–Dimitroulis (FD-Class) model incorporated age, MMO, selected FAI items (Q2, Q6, Q7), crepitus, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) locking. The model achieved an AUC of 0.761 in the training dataset and 0.742 in the test dataset, outperforming the FAI alone (AUC = 0.662). This model may support the early identification of arthrogenous TMJ disease and improve decision-making regarding referral for advanced imaging in maxillofacial practice.This study aimed to develop and internally evaluate a multivariable statistical model to identify arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using routinely collected clinical data. The model's performance was compared with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) alone, using an imaging-based classification as the reference standard. This cross-sectional observational study included 1170 consecutive patients attending their first consultation at a tertiary TMD center between August 2019 and August 2024. Arthrogenous TMD was deter mined using combined clinical and imaging assessment according to the Dimitroulis classification. Clinical variables, including age, maximum mouth opening (MMO), individual FAI items, and joint-related complaints, were extracted from the EUROTMJ database. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to develop pre dictive models. Performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity in training (60%) and test (40%) datasets. The final Fonseca–Dimitroulis (FD-Class) model incorporated age, MMO, selected FAI items (Q2, Q6, Q7), crepitus, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) locking. The model achieved an AUC of 0.761 in the training dataset and 0.742 in the test dataset, outperforming the FAI alone (AUC = 0.662). This model may support the early identification of arthrogenous TMJ disease and improve decision-making regarding referral for advanced imaging in maxillofacial practice.
- Are there optimal strength training methods for soccer players? A narrative review of methodological and practical implications.Publication . Pillitteri, G.; Clemente, F.M.; Moran, J.; Oliveira, Rafael; Silva, R.; Sarmento, H.; Puleo, G.; Bongiovanni, T.; Petrucci, M.; Rodríguez, A.; Battaglia, G.; Bianco, A.Strength training is essential for enhancing performance and preventing injuries in soccer. This narrative review explores the complexities of strength training for soccer players, structured around three key areas: (i) the classification and definition of different strength expressions, (ii) the role of the force–velocity continuum in soccer-specific power development, and (iii) the tailored strength methodologies required across different phases of the season. The aim is to clarify how distinct strength qualities align with the physical and performance demands of soccer. The review synthesizes current evidence on the effects of different strength training strategies on key athletic outcomes, highlighting the relevance of explosive methods during the in-season and the foundational role of traditional strength training during the off-season. By integrating theoretical concepts with applied perspectives, the review proposes a conceptual framework that provides evidence-informed recommendations to support practitioners in designing safe, effective, and context-specific training programs for soccer players across developmental stages and competitive schedules. Future research should focus on improving the methodological quality and consistency of intervention studies, clarifying dose–response relationships, and examining the transfer of specific strength qualities to match-related performance outcomes across different age groups and competition levels
- Differential Response to Cognitive Stimulation in Moderate Versus Moderately Severe Alzheimer’s DiseasePublication . Justo-Henriques, Susana; Silva, Rosa C. Gomes; Carvalho, Janessa O.; Pérez-Sáez, Enrique; São João, Ricardo; Ribeiro, OscarAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by impairments across several neurocognitive domains, particularly memory and executive function. The study explored the effectiveness of an individual cognitive stimulation (iCS) program on cognitive outcomes in older adults with moderate to moderately severe AD. A multicentre randomized controlled trial was conducted with 80 Portuguese older adults (Mage : 83.0 ± 7.1 years) with AD. Participants were randomly assigned to either iCS (n = 39; 49%) or treatment as usual (n = 41; 51%). Alzheimer’s Disease Severity (ADS) categorized two groups based on Mini-Mental State Examination score: 10–14 in the ADS moderately severe group and 15–20 in the ADS moderate group. In participants with moderate AD, iCS led to significant improvements in memory- related outcomes (particularly Memory Assessment Test) and a trend toward improvement in global cognition. In contrast, no significant effects were observed in participants with moderately severe AD. Meta-analytic comparisons and meta-regression confirmed a significant difference in intervention effectiveness between severity levels. iCS was significantly more effective in individuals with moderate AD than in those with moderately severe AD. This difference in responsiveness between severity levels was statistically confirmed (Q = 11.29, p < .001). iCS was effective in enhancing memory in individuals with moderate AD, with additional indications of global cognitive benefit. However, no meaningful effects were observed in participants with moderately severe impairment, suggesting diminished responsiveness to iCS as disease severity increases.
- Digital and Analogical Cognitive Stimulation in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Study ProtocolPublication . Henriques, Susana I. Justo; Padeiro, Miguel; Silva, Rosa C. G.; Macedo, Joana; Machado, Flávia Borges; São João, Ricardo M. V. de; Ribeiro, OscarThe growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in older adults, with the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, progressively affects their quality of life. Cognitive stimulation is a psychosocial intervention that has shown consistent benefits in the lives of people with dementia from mild to moderate stages. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of digital and analogical cognitive stimulation, when compared with usual care, on overall cognitive function, emotional state, and quality of life. It also aims to investigate whether institutional and territorial characteristics of social care services moderate these effects. This is a three-arm multicenter randomized controlled trial with repeated measures (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up). The intervention consists of 24 individually applied (digital and analogical) cognitive stimulation sessions, twice a week, for 12 weeks, in two intervention groups. The control group receives usual care. The study follows the recommendations of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT 2025), including the extension for non-pharmacological interventions. The sample size is estimated at 222 older adults with a probable diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Sociodemographic, social, health and clinical data, as well as information on care provider institutions, will be collected and analyzed. Outcomes include cognition (global cognition, memory, and executive function), emotional state (anxiety and depression), and quality of life. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline, endpoint, and follow-up, with comparisons between the interven tion groups and the control group.
- Effects of a 16-Week High-Speed Resistance Training Program on Isokinetic Muscle Strength Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Independent Older Adults: A Clinical TrialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, Nunohis study investigated the effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on isokinetic muscle strength parameters and, secondarily, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Seventy-nine independent older adults were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG completed supervised HSRT three times per week, while the CG received no intervention. Each session lasted 60–70 minutes and included 5–6 exercises of 2–3 sets at maximal concentric speed and a controlled eccentric phase (≈2–3 seconds). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed pre- and post-intervention using isokinetic testing of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) at 60º/s and 180º/s on dominant (DS) and non-dominant sides (NDS). The HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The IG demonstrated significant improvements in peak torque for KE-DS. The present HSRT protocol effectively improves isokinetic muscle parameters and HRQOL measures in older adults.
- “Strength and power are no longer optional”: Contemporary strength and conditioning practice in an English Premier League first teamPublication . Kweon, Daeeun; Morgans, Ryland; Thomas, O.; Oliver, John; Oliveira, Rafael; Ryan, Ben; Radnor, John; Morgans, RylandPurpose: Strength and Conditioning (S&C) coaches play a central role in optimising performance and mitigating injury risk in elite football. Despite this key responsibility, limited research has examined the practical application of S&C within the daily realities of top-tier professional environments. This study explored applied S&C practices within a first-team department of an English Premier League (EPL) football club to generate context-specific insights relevant to practitioners and researchers. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with five first-team performance and medical staff members. Interviews explored S&C training philosophy and delivery, testing and monitoring approaches, and operational and contextual constraints. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Player profiling, (2) Injury prevention, and (3) Challenges in programme S&C delivery. Individualised S&C programming was primarily informed by player profiling and the positional demands. Strength and power were monitored regularly during the season, whereas comprehensive speed profiling was not consistently conducted during the season. Injury prevention strategies were systematic and individualised, integrating screening processes, targeted exercise selection, and load management. Enhancing player education and modifying exercises were key to improving player compliance, but staffing limitations and time pressures restricted the extent of individualised S&C. Conclusion: This study provides novel insights into the applied realities of S&C practice within an EPL first-team environment. While practitioners adopted evidence-informed approaches, practical constraints necessitated ongoing compromise and flexibility. These findings highlight the importance of adaptable, context driven decision-making and demonstrate the value of qualitative inquiry for capturing the complexity of elite football performance settings.
- Sistematização do Ensino de Combat FitnessPublication . Silva, MiguelO Fitness Combat é uma modalidade de exercício grupal inspirada em artes marciais e desportos de combate, combinando movimentos de soco, chute, deslocamento e sequências coreografadas com música e orientação técnica. Em contexto de fitness, o objetivo principal não é a aprendizagem de defesa pessoal, mas sim o desenvolvimento da condição física geral, com forte ênfase no trabalho cardiovascular e muscular.