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- What distinguishes potential entrepreneurs from people who not want to be entrepreneurs?Publication . Gaspar, FernandoEntrepreneurship has become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the western world. Particularly for countries in the euro zone, whose ability to use demand side politics has been severely shortened, the need to improve economic growth through the stimulation of the aggregate supply is one of the priorities of these days. It is a reasonable assumption that increasing entrepreneurship is an important objective. The thing is HOW. What can governments do to increase the creation of new companies? A large number of studies have been published on this subject, many of them trying to contribute for answers to this question, and most of them studying successful entrepreneurs. That means most studies look at people who, not only decided to create their own companies but also succeeded at that activity. Most studies don’t look at people who created their own companies but failed. Rare studies look at people who decided not to become entrepreneurs. Following studies about entrepreneurial intentions this communication takes the data from such a study and tries to identify differences between a) people who say they want to be entrepreneurs and b) people who clearly say they do not want to create their own organization. So this communication looks at people who flat out say, at an early age (university final year students), they don’t want to be entrepreneurs. It tries to identify what distinguishes these people from the ones who want to be entrepreneurs and it tries to answer the question: why? Why don’t they want to become entrepreneurs? Are they concerned they will not be successful? Do they believe they will not be able to assemble the necessary resources? Are they unable to identify entrepreneurial opportunities? Do they think society values the entrepreneur’s role? Conclusions are drawn, based on this sample, concerning what governments, universities and other interface structures can do to change these people’s ideas about entrepreneurship.
- As principais causas da mortalidade das jovens empresasPublication . Gaspar, FernandoPretende-se com este despretensioso trabalho analisar as principais causas que levam à elevada taxa de mortalidade das jovens empresas. Como resultado deste estudo, tentar-se-á obter informações que permitam às autoridades de política económica, por um lado, e aos empreendedores por detrás das jovens empresas, por outro, minorar este enorme desperdício de recursos escassos, nomeadamente de dinheiro, de equipamentos e daquele que é o mais disputado recurso da economia do final deste milénio, a iniciativa empresarial.
- Caracterização da criação de empresas na década de 90Publication . Gaspar, FernandoO fenómeno do empreendedorismo tem vindo a assumir na literatura científica na área de gestão uma importância crescente. Uma das razões para este protagonismo prende-se com a necessidade sentida pelos decisores políticos de incentivar a criação de novas empresas, reconhecida que está a sua importância na inovação, na criação de riqueza e de emprego. Outra razão prende-se com a necessidade sentida pela comunidade científica em explicar as razões que levam ao desenvolvimento de um tecido empresarial denso nalgumas regiões, enquanto noutras isso não sucede. Neste trabalho vamos começar por caracterizar aquilo que foi a evolução da criação e do encerramento de empresas no país durante a década de noventa, e a respectiva repartição pelos diferentes distritos do país e pelos diferentes sectores de actividade, para em estudos posteriores procurarmos explicações para o fenómeno.
- Semelhanças e diferenças de perspectivas entre sociedades de capital de risco portuguesas e empreendedores por estas financiadosPublication . Teixeira, Simão; Teixeira, Mário Sérgio; Gaspar, FernandoEste estudo analisa a atividade do capital de risco em Portugal e, em particular, as percepções dos operadores de capital de risco e das empresas criadas com a sua participação, sobre a natureza desta atividade, através da aplicação por e-mail de um questionário a amostras de cada um destes intervenientes no mercado formal. A comparação entre as percepções que ambas as partes têm das vantagens do capital de risco, da seleção dos projetos (incluindo os planos de negócio), do processo de negociação e da importância da atividade das empresas de capital de risco para o sucesso ou insucesso das participadas revela algumas diferenças importantes e permite traçar algumas conclusões sobre os verdadeiros problemas que impedem o desenvolvimento da indústria (sobretudo se comparado com países como os EUA, ou mesmo outros europeus), nomeadamente, a falta de dimensão do mercado e de especialização e preparação dos operadores.
- Marketing cultural:o estudo da notoriedade sobre os museus portuguesesPublication . Gaspar, Fernando; Lima, JosianeOs museus respiram num mercado competitivo, onde naturezas diversas de entretenimento concorrem pela atenção do público. Assim, é mister utilizarem as ferramentas do marketing cultural de forma a criar notoriedade, impulsionar visitas e aumentar receitas. O uso da táctica da comunicação desempenha um papel fundamental na construção da notoriedade. A utilização eficiente dos métodos de marketing depende da capacidade financeira do museu, nomeadamente, das verbas provenientes do organismo de tutela e do empreendedorismo da gestão. Desconhece-se a existência de estudos analíticos realizados sobre a notoriedade dos museus portugueses e do uso do marketing cultural como instrumento de referência na construção daquela qualidade. No fundamental, importa aos museus perceber se possuem notoriedade, de forma a avaliar a sua referência na mente do público corrente ou potencial. O propósito deste estudo é percepcionar se existe uma correspondência entre a notoriedade do museu e a utilização das ferramentas de marketing, especialmente a comunicação. Foram analisados os seguintes museus portugueses: o Museu Nacional de Etnologia, o Museu de Marinha, o Museu da Presidência da República, o Museu Colecção Berardo e o Museu da Electricidade. Neste sentido, realizaram-se 266 entrevistas através da intercepção de entrevistados, utilizando o método stratified random simple (idades compreendidas entre 20 e 79 anos), em diversos locais da zona metropolitana de Lisboa durante o mês de Maio de 2011. O Museu dos Coches regista 31,6% de notoriedade top of mind. O Museu de Marinha, apresenta 95,5% de notoriedade assistida. Este estudo conclui que num museu tutelado por uma instituição pública, a notoriedade não advém tanto da utilização efectiva do marketing, mas de elementos intrínsecos à sua génese: a localização e presença na vida escolar portuguesa.
- A Evolução das Intenções Empreendedoras dos Estudantes Universitários em PortugalPublication . Gaspar, FernandoResumo O empreendedorismo vem se assumindo uma questão importante para as autoridades económicas que procuram novas formas de aumentar o crescimento económico, a criação de emprego e a inovação (Palich & Bagby, 1995; Reynolds, Storey, & Westhead, 1994). Todos parecem concordar que o fomento do empreendedorismo e o aumento da criação de novas empresas é bom para a economia e para o desenvolvimento da sociedade, portanto, é um importante objetivo para os decisores políticos e económicos (Allen, 1986; Gartner, 2001; Palich & Bagby, 1995; Reynolds et al., 1994; Shane & Venkataraman, 2012). A verdadeira questão é como (Gartner, 2001). Como se consegue aumentar o empreendedorismo? Como podemos convencer as pessoas a assumir os riscos e as dores de criar uma startup? Na raiz do empreendedorismo e criação estão... as pessoas. Portanto, uma questão central neste projeto de pesquisa é a formação da intenção empreendedora, algo que a literatura frequentemente estuda (Liñán & Fayolle, 2015). Assume-se que a educação para o empreendedorismo pode ter um efeito positivo sobre as intenções empresariais (Gwija, Eresia-Eke, & Iwu, 2017), o que significa que as pessoas não nascem empresários e podem aprender os comércios deste trabalho (Gartner, 1988; Krueger, Reilly, & Carsrud, 2000). Supõe-se também que as universidades possam desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento do empreendedorismo na sociedade (Nurmi & Paasio, 2007; San Tan & Ng, 2006). Talvez com este conhecimento em mãos será possível conceber estratégias para convencer as pessoas das vantagens do empreendedorismo e para fazê-los procurar oportunidades de negócios, seguindo outros estudos (Florin, Karri, & Rossiter, 2007).
- Promoting Entrepreneurship:how risk capital companies and business incubators select their projects and how satisfied are they with their choicesPublication . Gaspar, FernandoEntrepreneurship has become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the western world. Particularly for countries in the euro zone, whose ability to use demand side politics has been severely shortened, the need to improve economic growth through the stimulation of the aggregate supply is one of the priorities of these days. This paper looks for ways to convince people to use their abilities in an entrepreneurial career, by studying non-entrepreneurs and the reasons why they don’t want to go that way. Objectives: This communication takes data from a entrepreneurial intentions study and tries to identify differences between a) people who say they want to be entrepreneurs and b) people who clearly say they do not want to create their own organization. Prior work: A large number of studies have been published studying successful entrepreneurs. That means entrepreneurship literature looks at people who, not only decided to create their own companies, but also succeeded at that activity. The work of Gartner (1988) provided reasons to believe entrepreneurs are not different from other people in their psychological attributes. Most studies don’t look at people who created their own companies but failed. Much less do they look at people who do not create companies. Approach: This communication looks at people who flat out say they don’t want to be entrepreneurs. It tries to identify what distinguishes them from the ones who want to be entrepreneurs and it tries to answer the question: why? Why don’t they want to become entrepreneurs? Are they concerned they will not be successful? Do they believe they will not be able to gather the necessary resources? Are they unable to identify entrepreneurial opportunities? Do they think society does not value entrepreneur’s role? Results: The results show interesting suggestions about the reasons people resist the entrepreneurial idea. They seem to value obstacles more than potential entrepreneurs and they trust their capabilities less than them. People who do not want to be entrepreneurs seem to give less importance to professional development and to creating jobs. Implications: These results make one believe that people still see firm creation as a "big deal". For that reason they don't trust their capacities to be successful in entrepreneurship and choose other career options. Of course, there are also those who have other goals in life and don't see job creation or professional development as an important thing. These implications give political authorities directions on the policies they can use to develop entrepreneurship Value: Entrepreneurship has become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the world. It is a reasonable assumption that increasing entrepreneurship is an important objective. The thing is HOW. What can governments do to increase the creation of new companies? Conclusions are drawn, concerning what governments, universities and other interface structures can do to change these people’s ideas about entrepreneurship.
- A comparative study of four West Mediterranean regions:the role of technology interface structuresPublication . Gaspar, Fernando; Dias, Júlio G.Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a very important role in European economies, particularly in Mediterranean countries. They are important for job creation, for economic growth and development and for bringing innovations to market. This aspect of technological innovation and the transfer of technology to the markets are particularly relevant in today's economies. With the intent of studying the interface structures that contribute to the creation of new companies and to research and development, a study was made on four Mediterranean regions: Algarve, Andalucia, Sicilia and Umbria. The four regions are compared in terms of the existence of these interface structures, like business incubators, technological parks and venture capital companies and in terms of economic activities, innovativeness and strategic intentions. Conclusions are drawn, based on these comparisons. This communication is based on an INTERREG III project, named Technopolis, supported by the EU, through the MEDOCC line.
- Why people do not want to be entrepreneurs? a study of entrepreneurial intentions among university students.Publication . Gaspar, FernandoEntrepreneurship has become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the western world. Particularly for countries in the euro zone, whose ability to use demand side politics has been severely shortened, the need to improve economic growth through the stimulation of the aggregate supply is one of the priorities of these days. It is a reasonable assumption that increasing entrepreneurship is an important objective. The thing is HOW. What can governments do to increase the creation of new companies? A large number of studies have been published on this subject, many of them trying to contribute for answers to this question, and most of them studying successful entrepreneurs. That means most studies look at people who, not only decided to create their own companies but also succeeded at that activity. Most studies don’t look at people who created their own companies but failed. Rare studies look at people who decided not to become entrepreneurs. Following studies about entrepreneurial intentions this communication takes the data from such a study and tries to identify differences between a) people who say they want to be entrepreneurs and b) people who clearly say they do not want to create their own organization. So this communication looks at people who flat out say, at an early age (university final year students), they don’t want to be entrepreneurs. It tries to identify what distinguishes these people from the ones who want to be entrepreneurs and it tries to answer the question: why? Why don’t they want to become entrepreneurs? Are they concerned they will not be successful? Do they believe they will not be able to assemble the necessary resources? Are they unable to identify entrepreneurial opportunities? Do they think society values the entrepreneur’s role? Conclusions are drawn, based on this sample, concerning what governments, universities and other interface structures can do to change these people’s ideas about entrepreneurship.
- Why People Say No To Entrepreneurship? a comparative studyPublication . Gaspar, FernandoEntrepreneurship become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the western world. Particularly for countries in the euro zone, whose ability to use demand side politics has been severely shortened, the need to improve economic growth through the stimulation of the aggregate supply is one of the priorities of these days. This paper looks for ways to convince people to use their abilities in an entrepreneurial career, by studying non-entrepreneurs and the reasons why they don’t want to go that way. Objectives: This communication takes data from a entrepreneurial intentions study and tries to identify differences between a) people who say they want to be entrepreneurs and b) people who clearly say they do not want to create their own organization. Prior work: A large number of studies have been published studying successful entrepreneurs. That means entrepreneurship literature looks at people who, not only decided to create their own companies, but also succeeded at that activity. The work of Gartner (1988) provided reasons to believe entrepreneurs are not different from other people in their psychological attributes. Most studies don’t look at people who created their own companies but failed. Much less do they look at people who do not create companies. Approach: This communication looks at people who flat out say they don’t want to be entrepreneurs. It tries to identify what distinguishes them from the ones who want to be entrepreneurs and it tries to answer the question: why? Why don’t they want to become entrepreneurs? Are they concerned they will not be successful? Do they believe they will not be able to gather the necessary resources? Are they unable to identify entrepreneurial opportunities? Do they think society does not value entrepreneur’s role? Results: The results show interesting suggestions about the reasons people resist the entrepreneurial idea. They seem to value obstacles more than potential entrepreneurs and they trust their capabilities less than them. People who do not want to be entrepreneurs seem to give less importance to professional development and to creating jobs. Implications: These results make one believe that people still see firm creation as a "big deal". For that reason they don't trust their capacities to be successful in entrepreneurship and choose other career options. Of course, there are also those who have other goals in life and don't see job creation or professional development as an important thing. These implications give political authorities directions on the policies they can use to develop entrepreneurship Value: Entrepreneurship has become an important subject for academics and for politicians all over the world. It is a reasonable assumption that increasing entrepreneurship is an important objective. The thing is HOW. What can governments do to increase the creation of new companies? Conclusions are drawn, concerning what governments, universities and other interface structures can do to change these people’s ideas about entrepreneurship.