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- Occlusion technique in swimming: a training method to improve exchange block time in swimming relaysPublication . Conceição, Ana; Costa, Aldo M; Silva, António J; Sobreiro, Pedro; Louro, HugoSwimming relay events have the concern regarding a good start is shared between the incoming and outgoing swimmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in exchange block time (eBT) for swimming relay events as a result of a four-week training program using the occlusion technique. MeThodS: Twenty-eight national swimmers, 12 males (age: 17±1.83 years) and 16 females (age: 19.94±5.65 years) participated in this study. Subjects were required to undergo a training program on visual perception in relay swimming over the course of four weeks; they watched videos corresponding to the last movements of a swimmer during a 4×100m freestyle relay event. The videos were presented with temporal occlusion corresponding to predetermined approaching distances (7.5 m, 5.0 m, and 2.5 m). Swimmers were required to simulate a typical position for exiting the block and to estimate the time-to-contact of the incoming swimmer. The eBT was collected during a real 4×100-m freestyle competition before and after the application of the training program. RESULTS: Female swimmers showed a decreased in EBT, with an improvement of 1.42%, despite there not being a signifcant difference (p=0.68). The male swimmers had a higher improvement in eBT after the training, with a decrease of 13.34% (p=0.68). coNcluSioNS: Visual perception practice using video occlusion techniques seems to have a positive effect. on eBT in swimming relay events, particularly in female swimmers
- Strategy operationalization in a Taekwondo FederationPublication . Sobreiro, Pedro; Sousa, José; Louro, Hugo; Conceição, Ana
- Swimmer dropout rate: a survival analysisPublication . Sobreiro, Pedro; Silva, A.; Conceição, Ana; Louro, Hugo; Pinheiro, Paulo; Guedes de Carvalho, PedroThe length of time that a swimmer frequents a particular sports facility, using the records held by the facilities have often been under-used. We examined various behavioral variables associated with time of attendance until the point of dropout using swimmers’ records. 6,749 swimmers were used in this study. The survival analysis focused on the time interval between the moment they became a customer until either the end of the study or the moment when the customer relationship ended (dropout). The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to gather information as to when dropout would occur; Cox regression and the Logrank test provided statistical comparisons between the groups. The results showed that the swimmers' likelihood of retention beyond 12 months was 53% and the median swimmer's survival time was 14 months. The cohort of customers signing up for more than two sessions per week was likely to stay longer, and the greater the number of visits, the longer the customers were likely to continue (> 40 visits increases the survival probability up to 91.86%). Good sports management practice requires improvements in customer retention; by monitoring the variables of survival rates, we will improve management strategies for sustainability through pre-emptive actions to increase retention.
- Estimating time-to-contact with temporal occlusion in relay swimming: a pilot studyPublication . Ribeiro, Lilian; Costa, Aldo M.; Louro, Hugo; Sobreiro, Pedro; Esteves, Pedro; Conceição, AnaThe purpose of this study was to analyse swimmers' perceptual judgements of a simulated time-to-contact task in freestyle swimming relays. The study sample consisted of 31 national-level swimmers of both genders (n = 18 males, 17.22 ± 1.95 yrs.; n = 13 females, 14.61 ± .76 yrs.). Participants were asked to watch two videos corresponding to the last course of a given swimmer during a competition of 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m freestyle events. These videos were presented with temporal occlusion correspondent to predetermined approaching distances (7.5, 5.0, and 2.5 m). Participants were required to simulate a typical position in standby for exiting the block and estimate the time-to-contact of the incoming swimmer by pressing a switch. A Wilcoxon test was performed to determine differences between time-to-contact and real contact time. The results showed that estimation of time-to-contact was generally lower than real contact time at all approaching distances (with occlusion) and for both genders (p < .05), except at a 7.5-m distance in the men's 4 × 200 m (p = .744; r = .09) and at 5.0 m in both the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m for the female group (p = .279, r = .22 for 4 × 100 m; p = .2453, r = .17 for 4 × 200 m). The larger variation (Δ) between estimation and real contact time was found at a 7.5 m occlusion distance in the female 4 × 100 m (p < .001; r = .82). Swimmers tend to underestimate the time-to-contact of the incoming swimmer, in the context of a simulated relay race. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of perceptual abilities development in swimmers to optimize their technique and effectiveness during relay starts.
- Sprint performance determinants in high level young swimmersPublication . Matos, Carolina L.; Conceição, Ana; Louro, Hugo; Neiva, Henrique P.; Sobreiro, Pedro; Viana, Bárbara L.; Marinho, Daniel A.Background: Identifying and evaluating the variables that influence performance are essential for obtaining excellence in sport. Objective: This study aimed to identify which parameters have the most influence on the 50 meters freestyle time in young competitive swimmers. Methods: One hundred and eighty-four high-level swimmers (males, n=92: 14.60±0.56 years; females, n=92: 13.53 ± 0.54 years) with 468±66 FINA points in the 50 meters freestyle short course participated in this study. Age, height, body mass, wingspan, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, turning time (5 m + 10 m), horizontal jumping, and medicine ball throwing were assessed. The swimming performance was assessed in a 50 meters freestyle time trial at maximum speed in a 25 meters swimming pool. Multiple regression was performed to assess the relationship between one dependent variable (50 meters freestyle time) and independent variables. Results: The results showed significant differences between both the genders. In male swimmers, only the turning time and the horizontal jump were significant (r2 =0.8819; p<0.001), while females, besides the same variables, presented significant results in terms of height, body mass, stroke length, and stroke index (r2 =0.9013; p<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, in young male swimmers, the turning time and the horizontal jump contributed significantly to the 50 meters freestyle swimming performance, and in young female swimmers, the main contributors were the turning time, horizontal jump, height, body mass, stroke length, and stroke index.