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- Comparison of external load measures per minute based on match seasonal periods and playing positions of a soccer Turkish super league teamPublication . Akyildiz, Zeki; Yüksel, Yılmaz; Birgonül, Yaşar; Ceylan, Halil İbrahim; Oliveira, Rafael; Çene, Erhan; Parim, Coskun; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Nobari, HadiBackground Turkish Super League teams need more information about the external load. Considering the specific country and the coaches’ philosophies, the purpose of this study was to compare the external match load of a Turkish Super League team considering the different playing positions and in-season periods. Methodology A longitudinal study design was employed by observing 29 official matches of the same team. A total of fifteen players, consisting of five defenders, five midfielders, and five forwards, were analyzed using the Sentio Sports Optical Tracking System. The following outcomes were extracted in each match: total distance (TD), walking [from 0 to 7.2 km/h], jogging [from 7.2 to 14.4 km/h], running [from 14.4 to 20 km/h], high speed running (HSR) [>20 km/h], metabolic power (MP), maximum deceleration (Decmax) [Dec < -3 m/s2], total deceleration distance (Dectotal), maximum acceleration (Accmax) [Acc>3 m/s2], and total acceleration distance (Acctotal). Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA and Bonferroni correction post hoc tests. Results The main results showed that all variables were similar between periods of the season (p>0.05) except for walking (p=0.021 witha large effect size), which revealed lower values in the mid-season period. When analyzing periods of the season considering playing positions, there were several significant results for TD, walking, jogging, running, HSR, Dectotal and Acctotal (p<0.05, with small to large effects). A tendency for higher values was noted in the mid and end-season. Considering the playing positions comparisons, midfielders showed higher values than defenders for TD, MP, Dectotal and Acctotal (p<0.05 with large effect for all). Midfielders also showed higher values than forwards for TD, jogging, Dectotal and Acctotal (p<0.05 with a large effect for all).Conclusions The present study emphasizes the significance of analyzing data based on minute, playing position, and season period. Findings reveal that defenders consistently displayed the lowest values in all external load measures during matches compared to other positions throughout the season. Furthermore, midfielders demonstrated a higher activity profile during the initial and middle stages of the season compared to other positions, with a slight tendency to decrease load towards the end of the season.
- Within- and between-mesocycle variations of well-being measures in top elite male soccer players: a longitudinal studyPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Ceylan, Halil İbrahim; Brito, João; Martins, Alexandre; Nalha, Matilde; Mendes, Bruno; Clemente, Filipe ManuelBackground: The aims of this study were to describe the variations of training monotony (TM), training strain (TS), and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) through Hooper Index categories (fatigue, stress, DOMS, and sleep quality) and to compare those variations between player status and player positions. Methods: Seventeen male professional soccer players participated in this study. Considering player status, participants were divided in nine starters and eight non-starters. Additionally, participants were divided by playing positions: three wide defenders, four central defenders, three wide midfielders, four central midfielders, and three strikers. They were followed during 40-week in-season period. TM, TS, and ACWR were calculated for each HI category, respectively. Data were grouped in 10 mesocycles for further analysis. Results: Results showed variations across the mesocycles. In general, starters showed higher values for TM, TS, and ACWR calculations than non-starters, although there were some exceptions. Regarding player positions, significant differences were found in stress between wide defenders vs central midfielders for TM (p = 0.033, ES = 5.16), central defenders vs wide defenders for ACWR (p = 0.044, ES = 4.95), and in sleep between wide defenders and strikers for TM (p = 0.015, ES = 5.80). Conclusions: This study revealed that an analysis of players’ well-being parameters according to player status and positions can provide clear information to the coaches and their staff to complement the tasks of training monitoring.
- Difference between preferred and non-preferred leg in peak speed, acceleration, and deceleration variables and their relationships with the change-of-direction deficitPublication . Silva, Ana Filipa; Oliveira, Rafael; Raya-González, Javier; van den Hoek, Daniel; Akyildiz, Zeki; Yıldız, Mehmet; Garrett, Joel M.; Nobari, Hadi; Clemente, Filipe ManuelThe aim of this study was two-fold: (i) analyze the variation of kinematic measures between using preferred and non-preferred legs while braking during the 5–0–5 change of direction test; and (ii) test the relationships between kinematic measures, and change-of-direction deficit (CODD). A cross-sectional study using twenty adult male soccer players (21.6 ± 2.0 years; 73.2 ± 6.1 kg; 174.8 ± 4.5 cm) was employed. Players performed three repetitions of the 5–0–5 test using each leg during the braking phase. Players have used the Polar Team Pro to obtain the kinematic measures of peak speed, peak acceleration, and peak deceleration. Additionally, the CODD was also obtained using single-beamed photocells. Comparisons revealed a significantly greater peak acceleration (+ 0.22 m/s2; p < 0.001) and deceleration (+ 0.17 m/s2; p = 0.004) for the non-preferred leg. There were no significant correlations were found between CODD and peak accelerations (r = − 0.014, [− 0.193; 0.166]), peak decelerations (r = − 0.052, [− 0.229; 0.128]) or peak speed (r = 0.118, [− 0.063; 0.291]). This study revealed that preferred and non-preferred leg must be analyzed differently since they are different in the kinematic variables. However, CODD seems independent of leg preference and the kinematic measures of a 5–0–5 change of direction test.
- In-season quantification and relationship of external and internal intensity, sleep quality, and psychological or physical stressors of semi-professional soccer playersPublication . Nobari, Hadi; Gholizadeh, Roghayyeh; Martins, Alexandre Duarte; Badicu, Georgian; Oliveira, Rafael: The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to describe and analyse the relationship of the in-season variations of external and internal intensity metrics as well as well-being measures across different periods of a semi-professional soccer season (early-, mid- and end-season); and (b) to describe training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) for 20 weeks in a semi-professional soccer season. Eighteen semi-professional players (age: 29 ± 4.1) from the Asian First League team participated in this study. The players were monitored for 20 consecutive weeks during in-season for external training intensity, internal training intensity and well-being parameters. The in-season was organized into three periods: early-season (weeks 1–7); mid-season (weeks 8–13); and end-season (weeks 14–20). Total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), sprint distance, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), session-RPE (s-RPE), TM, TS, heart rate average and maximum, as well as sleep quality, stress and muscle soreness were collected. Results revealed that TD, HSRD and sprint distance (total values) were meaningfully greater during end-season than in the early-season. RPE showed a significantly highest value during the end-season (4.27 AU) than in early- (3.68 AU) and mid-season (3.65 AU), p < 0.01. TS showed significant differences between early-season with mid-season (p = 0.011) and end-season (p < 0.01), and the highest value occurred in week 17 during end-season (6656.51 AU), while the lowest value occurred in week 4 during early-season (797.17 AU). The average TD periods showed a moderate to large correlation with RPE, sleep and s-RPE at early-, mid- and end-season. Increasing the training intensity without considering the well-being of the players affects the performance of the team. Examining processes of the relationship between training intensity and other psychological indicators among players will probably be effective in training planning. Sports coaches and fitness professionals should be wary of changes in TM and TS that affect players performance. Therefore, to better control the training, more consideration should be given by the coaches.
- Does elite European match-play affect salivary immunoglobulin- a and cortisol in soccer players? The influence of playing status and match outcomePublication . Morgans, R.; Oliveira, Rafael; Rhodes, D.; Orme, P.; Ceylan, H. I.; González-Fernández, F. T.; Linán-González, A.; Moreira, A.Introduction: The aims of this study were to: a) investigate salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and cortisol (s-Cort) responses to nine competitive fixtures in starting and non- starting soccer players; and b) compare s-IgA and s Cort responses of starters and non-starters considering match outcome. Methods: Saliva from 19 male outfield players from an elite soccer team (mean ± SD, age 26 ± 4 years; weight 80.5 ± 8.1 kg; height 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body-fat 10.8% ± 0.7%) was collected. Saliva samples were taken on the day before each match (MD-1), 60-min before kick-off (MDpre), 30-min post-match (MDpost), and 72-h post-match (MD+3). There were five wins, one draw and three losses. Results: The mean s-IgA value was found to be significantly lower at MD+3 compared to MDpre and MDpost. s-Cort was significantly higher at MDpost compared to MD-1 and MDpre. When compared to MDpre, a statistically significant decrease in s-Cort was observed at MD+3 compared to MDpost. Starters displayed higher s-Cort values across the nine matches. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for s-Cort. There was a significant increase in s-Cort levels at MDpost compared to MD-1 and from MDpre to MDpost in starting players. At MDpost, starters had significantly higher s-Cort values. s-IgA values of starting and non- starting players following successful and unsuccessful matches did not reveal a significant difference. However, similar analysis of s-Cort in successful matches showed a significant difference between starters and non starters. s-IgA values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non starters following successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MDpre and MDpost in starters, respectively. Furthermore, s-Cort values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non-starters in successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MD+3 in starting players.Discussion: The present study suggests that in elite level soccer players, both starting status and match outcome influence s-IgA and s-Cort responses, particularly starters. Specifically, s-IgA was lower for starters before and after the match following successful outcomes. Moreover, higher s-Cort values were found before the match while lower values occurred after the match for starters in successful matches.
- Seasonal variations of the relationships between measures of training monotony and strain in professional soccer playersPublication . Nobari, Hadi; Martins, Alexandre Duarte; Oliveira, Rafael; Paolo Ardigò, LucaThe purposes of this study were (a) to determine the variations in internal and external measures of training monotony (TM) and strain (TS) in professional soccer players according to periods of the season and playing positions, and (b) to analyze the relationships between internal and external measures of TM and TS. Twenty male professional players (age= 29.4 ± 4.4 years) were followed for 20 weeks through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SpD). Regardless of measure, highest mean TM and TS scores were observed in mid-season and end-season. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater values in TM. Midfelders exhibited greater TS of TD and SpD. Correlation results for TM revealed that s-RPE was positively associated with SpD in early-season (r= 0.608) and negatively associated in mid season (r = − 0.506). Regarding the TS, result demonstrated that s-RPE is negatively associated with HSRD in early-season (r= − 0.464) and positively associated in mid-season (r= 0.476). In general, there diferent meanings in correlations between internal and external measures across the season. On the one hand, our fndings highlighted that TM and TS of professional soccer players is sensitive to period of the season and player’s position, but on other hand, correlation analyses proved that changes in one external/internal measure does not cause changes in another external/internal measure which support the constant monitoring of these values across the season
- Treino de Força em Desportos ColetivosPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João PauloO treino de força (TF) em desportos coletivos é extramente importante pelas adaptações fisiológicas que proporciona as suas diferentes metodologias (Brown & Greenwood, 2005; Fleck & Kraemer, 1997; Rhea et al., 2003; Stone et al., 2000a, 2000b). Neste contexto tem se verificado que uma melhor periodização e organização do TF apresenta desenvolvimento superiores não só ao nível da força, como da potência, composição corporal e outras variáveis de performance desportiva (Fleck & Kraemer, 1997; Steven J Fleck, 1999; Stone et al., 2000b, 2000a). Pelas razões apresentadas anteriormente e pelo facto de os desportos coletivos geralmente terem equipas técnicas multidisciplinares, torna-se importante conhecer as melhores estratégias e metodologias de TF para aumentar a performance desportiva.
- Cuidadores Informais em Portugal: Formação ao longo da vidaPublication . Reis, Alcinda Maria Sarmento do Sacramento Costa; Afonso, Catarina; Viana, Susana; Nogueira, Helena; Godinho, Celeste; Oliveira, Rafael; Marta, Rosa; Melo, Sónia; Olas, Anabela; Moutinho, Victor; carvalho, Carla; Marques, Rosa; Carvalho, Telma; Pereira, Inês; Matias, SilviaA obra que se apresenta, surgiu após desenvolvimento de dois cursos de formação conducentes a microcredenciali, no âmbito da capacitação de equipas de profissionais de referência que trabalham quotidianamente com cuidadores informais e também da capacitação destes mesmos cuidadores. O desenvolvimento destes cursos decorreu após identificação de necessidades de formação especificas, pela Escola Superior de Saúde (ESSS) do Politécnico de Santarém em estreita articulação com entidades parceiras do IPSantarém e da comunidade em geral, visando respostas e estratégias de operacionalização do Decreto-Lei nº. 1/2022, de 10 de janeiro, referente à implementação do Estatuto do Cuidador Informal em Portugal. Por outro lado a ESSS assume-se como responsável direta pelo desenvolvimento da atividade académica de ensino, investigação e formação na área da saúde, ao serviço da sociedade, empenhada na qualificação de alto nível dos cidadãos; visa a produção e difusão do conhecimento, criação, transmissão e difusão do saber de natureza profissional, da cultura, da ciência, da tecnologia, da investigação orientada e do desenvolvimento experimental, centralizada nos estudantes/formandos e na comunidade envolvente, num quadro de referência internacional. Um diagnóstico das necessidades de oferta formativa desenvolvido recentemente na ESSS com diferentes stakeholders (Reis et al., 2021)ii, identificou a necessidade de preparação da comunidade para os cuidados aos mais velhos, considerando que a realidade do apoio à pessoa idosa, denota preocupação na oferta de cuidados especializados no âmbito da saúde e do social. A preocupação manifestada assenta na realidade loco-regional e nacional quando se analisam nos últimos anos essencialmente os elevados índices nacionais de envelhecimento, de dependência total e de dependência dos idosos. Foi neste alinhamento que foram planeados de entre outros, os processos formativos dos cursos conducentes a microcredenciais a serem desenvolvidos por docentes do Politécnico de Santarém e por técnicas superiores do Instituto da Segurança Social que gentilmente acederam a uma colaboração que resultou perfeita. Visou-se promover o desenvolvimento de competências para o acompanhamento de cuidadores informais, valorizando-se as especificidades da trajetória do cuidar de cada cuidador informal. Pretendeu-se assim a capacitação dos profissionais de referência, para o acompanhamento de cuidadores informais. Entenderam-se aqui estes profissionais, como aqueles que são referenciados pelos serviços competentes de saúde e da segurança social da área de residência da pessoa cuidada, competindo-lhes o acompanhamento de proximidade e a mobilização dos recursos disponíveis para assegurarem, de forma adaptada e organizada, os apoios e serviços, por forma a responderem às necessidades ao nível dos cuidados de saúde e de apoio social. Nesta obra, são mobilizados os diferentes constructos onde se alicerça o processo de atribuição/aquisição do Estatuto de Cuidador Informal, através da partilha de projetos piloto, pretendendo-se fornecer ao leitor, contributos para a sensibilização individual e experiencial na avaliação do processo de acompanhamento dos cuidadores informais, através da reflexão critico-reflexiva como ferramenta de desenvolvimento de competências dos profissionais das equipas de referência mas também dos que são efetivamente cuidadores informais, numa perspetiva sinergética de trabalho em equipa.
- A systematic review of the criterion validity and reliability of technical and tactical field-based tests in soccerPublication . Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Praça, Gibson; Oliveira, Rafael; Aquino, Rodrigo; Araújo, Rui; Silva, Rui; Sarmento, Hugo; Afonso, JoséBackground: Field-based tests are important since they can guarantee ecological validity. Although most such tests are designed to assess physical fitness, tactical and technical dimensions are also determinants in a full battery of tests. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to (a) summarize the criterion validity and reliability of technical and tactical field-based tests applied in soccer and (b) list valid and reliable technical and tactical field-based tests. Methods: A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria included (i) population (soccer players from any age group, com petitive level, or sex); (ii) exposure (exposure to technical and/or tactical field-based tests covering individual technical skills, tactical behaviours, tactical knowledge, and decision-making in the field); (iii) comparator (a laboratory test and/ or a criterion field-based test); (iv) outcome (measures of reliability); and (v) no restrictions concerning study design. The synthesis of results focused on the outcomes considered in the eligibility criteria. Results: A total of 5008 titles were identified, of which 21 met the eligibility criteria. Eight studies’ analyses centred on tactical tests. Of those, six studies tested the same instrument (FUT-SAT), one study examined divergent thought, and one study used a soccer-specific skills test Among the 10 included studies involving technical tests, only two repeated the same test (the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test). Three studies included tests concurring with physical ones. According to the main findings, the eight studies that used tactical tests revealed that the outcomes obtained from the tests and observers were reliable. The 10 studies that used technical tests, as well as the three concurrent studies, revealed similarly high reliability. Of the eight studies that used tactical tests, seven involved youth participants. Furthermore, three of the 10 studies that conducted technical tests were done on adults. Of the concurrent tests, three involved youth athletes. Only one study including a tactical analysis presented values for validity, while three others provided information about validity. The four studies provided information about test validity. Conclusions: Overall, the selected technical and tactical tests, most of which were carried out on youth players, revealed their validity and reliability. Although most studies focused on reliability (which was confirmed regardless of the test included), criterion validity was also observed in the few studies that analysed such factors. Thus, the tests cur rently proposed for assessing technical and tactical behaviours possess acceptable criterion validity and reliability.
- Acute: chronic workload ratio and training monotony variations over the season in professional soccer: a systematic reviewPublication . Rico-González, Markel; González Fernández, Francisco Tomás; Oliveira, Rafael; Clemente, Filipe ManuelAcute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and training monotony have been criticized as injury risk predictors. Therefore, the use of intensity measures should be oriented to understand the variations of intensity across the season. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the main evidence about the ACWR and training monotony variations over the season in professional soccer players. The search was made in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and FECYT according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. From the 225 studies initially identified, 27 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Existing literature revealed a variety of designs, ACWR and training monotony ranges, variables assessed and durations of the studies. Overall, the range values for ACWR were 0.4–3.39 AU, while those focused on monotony were 0.49–5.7 AU. Regarding ACWR, the ratios located around 0.85–1.25 could predict lower risk values and ratios around ≥1.50 could predict higher risk values. On the contrary, with respect to training monotony, the ratios are approximately between 0.5 and 2.00 (low values in the preseason and low competition weeks and high values when soccer players are in highly scheduled competition weeks). Nevertheless, ACWR and training monotony methods should be addressed and considered based on their real value before using this indicator to reduce injury risk. In fact, the data did not conclusively define injured and non-injured players. For this reason, utilizing standardized approaches will allow for more precise conclusions about professional soccer players.