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- Understanding needs satisfaction and frustration in young athletes: factor structure and invariance analysisPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Cid, Luis; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Fonseca, Teresa; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Silva, Luís M.; Rodrigues, FilipeSports research has been focused on the assessment of basic needs satisfaction, considering its absence as a representation of needs frustration. However, recent findings have suggested needs satisfaction and frustration as asymmetrical factors leading to differentiated outcomes. An accurate measurement of needs poses itself as a crucial aspect, facilitating coaches’ understanding of athlete’s motivational processes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric proprieties of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in a sample of Portuguese athletes. A multigroup analysis was conducted of gender, sport type, age, and years of sports practice. Additionally, needs satisfaction and needs frustration were tested as predictors of behavioral regulations examining the nomological validity of the BPNSFS. Data from 594 Portuguese athletes (38.6% female; Mage = 15.21; SD = 0.97) that represent two different sports (football and swimming) were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling procedures were followed to test the factor structure and nomological validity of the scale, respectively. Analyses indicated that the six-factor model provided an adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.947, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.936, Standardized Root Mean Square = 0.039, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.048 (CI 90% = 0.043, 0.054)). Moreover, the multigroup analysis suggested invariance in the observed structure across groups. In addition, findings indicated a strong prediction between needs satisfaction and autonomous forms of motivation, whereas needs frustration predicted significantly controlled forms of motivation. The sport-adapted BPNSFS in a sample of Portuguese athletes seemed to be an adequate measure for the assessment of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. Our findings suggested that this scale may be worth testing in future research in the sport context.
- Validation of the Behavioral Regulation Sport Questionnaire in portuguese athletesPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Moutão, João; Cid, LuisThe purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), using confirmatory factor analysis, with a total sample formed of 940 athletes (n = 232 female and n = 708 male), from different sports: football (n = 623), basketball (n = 202), athletics (n = 43) and swimming (n = 72), participating in the categories of iniciated, juvenile, junior and senior, with an average of (M = 17.63; SD = 4.32) years. The results support the suitability of the model (6 factors/24 items), showing an adjustment fit to the data for this sample (S-B χ² = 1308; df = 237; p = .001; SRMR = .059; NNFI = .895; CFI = .901; RMSEA = .066; 90%IC RMSEA = .066-.070). As for the individual parameters, the items factorial weights present acceptable values, factor loadings varied (between .49 to .84), and acceptable values of internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validity’s. Those findings allow us to conclude that the Portuguese version of the BRSQ can be used with high confidence to evaluate de motivation regulation in the sport context.
- O papel de mediação das necessidades psicológicas na associação entre o suporte de autonomia e o bem-estar psicológico em praticantes de fitnessPublication . MOUTÃO, JOÃO; Alves, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Cid, LuisTendo por base a teoria da autodeterminação, este estudo objetiva a análise do papel mediador da perceção de satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas na relação entre a perceção de suporte de autonomia dado pelo instrutor de fitness e indicadores de bem-estar psicológico, em praticantes de exercício. Participaram neste estudo 984 praticantes de fitness em ginásios, de ambos os géneros (531 femininos; 453 masculinos), com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e os 70 anos (M= 31.7; SD= 11.2). Todos os praticantes foram avaliados ao nível da sua perceção de suporte de autonomia dado pelo instrutor de fitness, perceção de satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas (competência, autonomia e relação) e bem-estar psicológico (vitalidade subjetiva, satisfação com a vida e autoestima global). Os resultados obtidos, com recurso à análise de equações estruturais, corroboram o papel mediador das necessidades psicológicas básicas na relação entre a perceção de suporte de autonomia e o bem-estar psicológico. Estes resultados clarificam o mecanismo de promoção do bem-estar psicológico em praticantes de exercício, auxiliando no processo de delineamento de intervenções futuras no contexto do fitness com este propósito.
- Exploração de um modelo de segunda ordem da versão portuguesa da Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp): validade do constructo e invariânciaPublication . Cid, Luis; Rodrigues, Filipe; Santos Teixeira, Diogo; Alves, José; Machado, Sérgio; Murillo-Rodríguez, Eric; Monteiro, DiogoO objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar as propriedades psicométricas das versão portuguesa do Basic Psychological Needs Exercise Scale, testar um modelo de segunda ordem que represente as três necessidades psicológicas básicas, bem como analisar a invariância do modelo de medida de primeira e segunda ordem. Participaram neste estudo 550 sujeitos de ambos os géneros (264 femininos; 286 masculinos), com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 69 anos (M=30.0; SD=10.2) praticantes de exercício físico em ginásios ou health clubs de diversas atividades. Os resultados revelaram que o instrumento possui validade de constructo (validade fatorial, convergente e discriminante), fiabilidade compósita e revelou ainda ser invariante em função do género, e atividades praticadas no contexto ginásio (musculação, cardiofitness e musculação), tanto para o modelo de 1ª como de 2ª ordem. Em suma, as evidências encontradas no presente estudo confirmam a validade e dão suporte à utilização sem reservas da versão Portuguesa da BPNESp para a avaliação das necessidades psicológicas básicas (individualmente ou através de um índice global) em investigações futuras no domínio do exercício
- Motivational patterns in persistent swimmers: a serial mediation analysisPublication . Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Pelletier, Luc; Monteiro, Diogo; Rodrigues, Filipe; MOUTÃO, João; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Cid, LuisObjective: The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between coach-created task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue practicing sport, through a serial mediation analysis that included basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPN), self-determined motivation (SDM) and enjoyment. Methods: 799 elite swimmers (450 males, 349 females; aged 12-22 years, M = 16.65, SD = 2.83) participated in the present study. Groups were created according to age, years of experience, and gender. Results: Serial Mediation Analysis provided support for the proposed model where BPŃs and enjoyment represent the most important mediators between task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue sport practice. Conclusion: Enjoyment stands out as the most relevant predictor of intention to persist and as a significant mediator in the relation between task-involvement climate, BPN, SDM, and long-term sports practice. The task-involving climate created by coaches appears to set in motion a sequence where the satisfaction of basic needs and SDM lead to more enjoyment and increased persistence among young athletes.
- Self-determination and physical exercise adherence in the contexts of fitness academies and personal trainingPublication . Klain, Ingi Petitemberte; Cid, Luis; Matos, Dihogo Gama de; Moutão, João; Leitão, JoséThis research aimed to analyze the validity of the relations hypothesized by the theory of self-determination in predicting adherence to physical exercise in fitness academy users and subjects following personal training. A total of 588 persons from Pelotas / RS / Brazil (405 gym users and 183 subjects following personal training) completed the Portuguese version of the three questionnaires, i.e. the Perceived Autonomy Support Climate Exercise Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs in the Exercise Scale and Behavioral Regulation in the Exercise Questionnaire -2. The results support the factorial structure of the questionnaires used in this sample. There was a significant multivariate effect of context on self-determination for physical exercise training [Wilks’ λ = 0.934, F (10, 576.000) = 4.03, p < 0.001, η² = 0.01]. The hypothesized structural equation model, which considered the self-determination theory, showed a good fit to the data (S-B χ² = 234.703; p= .001; df = 52; χ²/df = 4.514; SRMS = .049; NNFI = .906; CFI = .926; RMSEA = .077; RMSEA 90% CI = .067 - .088). However, in the comparative analysis, the perception of autonomy support, relatedness and competence were significantly higher in the context of personal training, while the amotivation and external regulation were significantly higher in the context of fitness academies.
- Perceived Effort in Football Athletes: The Role of Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination TheoryPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, Diogo; Travassos, Bruno; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Moutão, João; Machado, Sergio; Cid, LuisThis study examined the motivational determinants of athletes perceived effort in football considering the four-stage motivational sequence at the contextual level proposed by Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: task-involving climate, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation (SDM), and perceived effort. Additionally, SEM multi-group analysis across different age-groups (U15, U17, U19, and U21 years) and serial mediation of basic psychological needs (BPNs) and SDM on the task-involving motivational climate and the perceived effort were also analyzed. Two independent samples of male football athletes (N = 403, N = 403), aged 13–20 years were enrolled in this study. The results support the adequacy of the structural model in explaining the perceived effort of football atheltes in all samples under analysis, and was invariant across U17, U19, and U21. However, it was not invariant across U15 and U17, U19 and U21. Furthermore, results from the serial mediation showed significant indirect effects in all samples, supporting self-determination theoretical assumptions, reinforcing the importance of BPNs satisfaction and behavioral regulation in the relation in analysis. The results show that when coaches promote a task-involving climate, the BPNs satisfaction of athletes improves. This climate will facilitate the regulation of their behaviors toward more autonomous forms of motivation, with positive outcomes in the athletes perceived effort.
- Assessing the relationship between autonomy support and student group cohesion across Ibero-American countriesPublication . Moreno-Murcia, Juan Antonio; Huéscar Hernández, Elisa; Cid, Luis; Monteiro, Diogo; Rodrigues, Filipe; Teixeira, Diogo; M. López-Walle, Jeanette; Vergara-Torres, Argenis; Tristan, José; Gastélum-Cuadras, Gabriel; Guedea Delgado, Julio Cesar; Soto Peña, Juan Luis; Rentería, Iván; Vargas Vitoria, Rodrigo; Almonacid Fierro, Aquiles Alejandro; Valero-Valenzuela, Alfonso; Flandez, Jorge; Nodari Júnior, Rudy José; Fin, Gracielle; Calomeni, Mauricio Rocha; Martins de Souza, Divaldo; de Souza Santos, César AugustoTeacher-endorsed supporting behaviors present themselves as key influencers of student adaptive academic and social functions. The objective of this paper was twofold. First, this study sought to test a model in which student-perceived autonomy support was associated with group cohesion, considering the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Second, the current study examined the dimensionality of the model across five Western countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. A convenience sample of 3033 college students (Mage = 21.51 ± SD = 3.71) were recruited for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived autonomy support was positively associated with needs satisfaction, being consequently associated with intrinsic motivation and, ultimately, with group cohesion. Additionally, a multigroup analysis revealed that the model was invariant across college students from the different countries. The current results are discussed around the promotion of teacher uses of autonomy-supportive behaviors fostering adaptive outcomes in students regarding positive social relations and that the cultures of Ibero-American countries are equivalent in this process.
- Clima motivacional, regulação da motivação e perceção de esforço dos atletas no futebolPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; MOUTÃO, JOÃO; Baptista, Pedro; Cid, LuisO objetivo deste estudo foi testar a integração de dois modelos teóricos motivacionais (teoria da autodeterminação e teoria dos objetivos de realização), com o intuito de analisar o impacto do clima motivacional na regulação da motivação e na perceção de esforço. Participaram neste estudo 460 atletas, todos jogadores de futebol do género masculino, do nível distrital e nacional, das categorias de iniciados, juvenis, juniores e seniores, com uma média de idades de 17.42 ± 4.37 anos. A qualidade do modelo de equações estruturais foi examinada através do valor de qui-quadrado, e de alguns índices complementares de ajustamento. Os resultados suportam a adequação do modelo (S-Bχ²= 288.84, df= 147, p< 0.001, S-Bχ²/df= 1.96, SRMR= 0.049, NNFI= 0.912, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.046, 90%IC RMSEA= 0.038−0.054), evidenciando que um clima motivacional orientado para a tarefa tem um efeito positivo significativo sobre a motivação autónoma, que por sua vez tem um efeito positivo significativo sobre a perceção do esforço dos atletas. Por outro lado, um clima motivacional orientado para o ego teve um efeito positivo sobre a motivação controlada, que por sua vez teve um efeito negativo sobre a perceção de esforço, embora não seja significativo.
- The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale in Exercise (BPNSFS-E): Validity, Reliability, and Gender Invariance in Portuguese ExercisersPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Hair, Joseph F.; Neiva, Henrique Pereira; Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Cid, Luis; Monteiro, DiogoThe aim of this study was to translate and validate the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale for Portuguese exercisers. In addition, we sought to analyze gender invariance. We collected data from two independent samples of Portuguese respondents—a calibration sample with 316 participants and a validation sample with 632 participants. Results from confirmatory factor analysis supported the original six-factor model in both the calibration sample, χ2(237) = 471.814, χ2/df = 1.99; B–S p < .001, Comparative Fit Index = .935, Tucker–Lewis Index =.924, standard mean root square residual = .047, root mean square error of approximation = .057 (90% confidence interval = [.050, .065]), and the validation sample, χ2(237) = 571.796, χ2/df = 2.41; B–S p < .001, Comparative Fit Index = .948, Tucker–Lewis Index = .940, standard mean root square residual = .038, root mean square error of approximation = .047 (90% confidence interval = [.042, .052]). Moreover, our analysis revealed acceptable internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity of the translated version, and invariance between the two samples and between genders, as differences across latent means showed that magnitude effects were trivial between samples and between male and female exercisers. These results support the use of the adapted scale among both male and female exercisers.