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- Load measures in training/match monitoring in soccer: a systematic reviewPublication . Miguel, Mauro; Oliveira, Rafael; Loureiro, Nuno; García-Rubio, Javier; Ibáñez, Sergio J.In soccer, the assessment of the load imposed by training and a match is recognized as a fundamental task at any competitive level. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on internal and external load monitoring during training and/or a match, identifying the measures used. In addition, we wish to make recommendations that make it possible to standardize the classification and use of the different measures. The systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted through the electronic database Web of Science, using the keywords "soccer" and "football", each one with the terms "internal load", "external load", and "workload". Of the 1223 studies initially identified, 82 were thoroughly analyzed and are part of this systematic review. Of these, 25 articles only report internal load data, 20 report only external load data, and 37 studies report both internal and external load measures. There is a huge number of load measures, which requires that soccer coaches select and focus their attention on the most useful and specific measures. Standardizing the classification of the different measures is vital in the organization of this task, as well as when it is intended to compare the results obtained in different investigations.
- Does the distribution of the weekly training load account for the match results of elite professional soccer players?Publication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; Padinha, Vítor; Ferreira, Bruno; Mendes, BrunoThe aim of the study was to compare training load (TL) of the days preceding a win, draw or defeat in asample of elite professional soccer players across the in-season 2015/16.Methods.:Twenty elite soccer players participated in this study. Total distance covered, high-speed running distance(HSRD), average speed, session rate of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Hooper index scores (HI) were collected. Datafrom 24 weeks with one match were analysed through the match-day (MD-5, 4, 3, 2, 1) and MD+1.Results.:The main finding emerges in MD-1, where a longer training duration preceding draws(95.1 ± 1.5 min) > defeats (91.5 ± 1.6 min) > wins (84.7 ± 0.5 min) was found, while total distance andaverage speed were higher in wins (3628.6 ± 57.2 m) > draws (3391.3 ± 153.3 m) > defeats(3236.1 ± 113.7 m) and draws (130.7 ± 17.6 m/min) > wins (86.0 ± 6.9 m/min) > defeats(54.8 ± 7.1 m/min), respectively. HSRD was higher in draws (42.8 ± 0.6 m) > wins (36.1 ± 1.7 m) >defeats (35.8 ± 1.7 m). In MD+1, there were differences in HI between wins vs draws (p<0.01).Conclusions.:The results are drawn from one team that participated in UEFA Champions League. It was observedthat different TL applied in training sessions can influence match result. Our findings can be considered in futuresoccer planning and periodization to win matches. This study emphasizes the use of HI especially in the dayfollowing the match
- Intra-season variations in workload parameters in Europe’s elite young soccer players: a comparative pilot study between starters and non-startersPublication . Martins, Alexandre D.; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; Querido, Sérgio M.; Nobari, HadiBackground: The main purpose of the current study was to compare the within-season variations of workload, training duration, acute/chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony™, and training strain (TS) through session rating perceived exertion (s-RPE) between starters and non-starters. Methods: Seventeen under-17 European male soccer players (age, 16.2 0.3 y, height, 1.8 0.1 m; body mass, 66.5 4.0 kg) divided in two groups: nine starters and eight non-starters, were evaluated over 50 weeks throughout the season. Results: In general, there were load variations for all players during the full-season. RPE tended to decrease during in-season and RPE, training duration and s-RPE did not present significant differences between starters and non-starters. TM and TS presented lower values for starters in mesocycle (M) 4 and M11 compared to non-starters. TS presented lower values for starters in M4 and M11 compared to non-starters, while in M10 a higher value was found for starters when compared to non-starters. ACWR showed differences between starters and non-starters in two of the mesocycles. Conclusions: This study showed that some mesocycles provided higher load for non-starters. This information can alert coaches that non-starter players are likely to try too hard in training to demonstrate their abilities, leading to non-functional overreaching, overtraining syndrome, and then poor performance.
- Will next match location influence external and internal training load of a top-class elite professional european soccer team?Publication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; Padinha, Vítor; Nobari, Hadi; Mendes, BrunoBackground: The purpose of this study is to compare training load (TL) preceding a home versus away match in a top-class elite European team during the 2015–2016 season. Methods: Twenty elite outfield soccer players with a mean ± SD age, height and body mass of 25.9 ± 4.6 years, 183.1 ± 6.6 cm and 78.6 ± 6.6 kg, respectively, participated in this study. Total distance covered, highspeed running distance (HSRD), average speed (AvS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) multiplied by training duration (s-RPE) and Hooper index (HI) were collected. Data from 24 weeks were analyzed through match-day minus/plus approach (MD-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, MD + 1). Results: All external TL variables indicated a decrease from MD-5 until MD-1 and then an increase to MD + 1 (p < 0.01). HI decreased from MD-5 to MD-1, but s-RPE increased until MD-3 and then decreased until MD + 1. When comparing TL data that preceded home matches versus away matches, for MD-5, HSRD and muscle soreness exhibited higher values when away match neared (p < 0.05). For MD-4 and MD-3, total distance, HSRD and AvS exhibited higher values closer to an away match than a home match (p < 0.05). For MD-1, total distances covered were higher closer to a home match than an away match (p < 0.01). For MD + 1, all HI items and AvS were higher when an away match was played (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirms and provides evidence regarding the influence on internal and external TL data preceding home and away matches from a team that played in European competitions
- External match load in amateur soccer: the influence of match location and championship phasePublication . Miguel, Mauro; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; García-Rubio, Javier; Ibáñez, Sergio JoseAssessment of the physical dimension implicit in the soccer match is crucial for the improvement and individualization of training load management. This study aims to: (a) describe the external match load at the amateur level, (b) analyze the differences between playing positions, (c) verify whether the home/away matches and if (d) the phase (first or second) of the championship influence the external load. Twenty amateur soccer players (21.5 ± 1.9 years) were monitored using the global positioning system. The external load was assessed in 23 matches, where 13 were part of the first phase of the competition (seven home and six away matches) and the other 10 matches belonged to the second (and final) phase of the championship (five home and five away matches). A total of 173 individual match observations were analyzed. The results showed significant differences between playing positions for all the external load measures (p < 0.001). There were higher values observed in the total distance covered for central defenders (p = 0.037; ES = 0.70) and in high-intensity decelerations for forwards (p = 0.022; ES = 1.77) in home matches than in away matches. There were higher values observed in the total distance (p = 0.026; ES = 0.76), relative distance (p = 0.016; ES = 0.85), and moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.008; ES = 0.93) for central defenders, in very high-speed running distance for forwards (p = 0.011; ES = 1.97), and in high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.036; ES = 0.89) and moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.006; ES = 1.11) for wide midfielders in the first phase than in the second phase of the championship. Match location and championship phase do not appear to be major contributing factors to influence the external load while the playing position should be used as the major reference for planning the external training load.
- Propiciação de autocabeceamento em praticantes e não praticantes de futebol entre os 4 e 6 anos de idade de ambos os génerosPublication . Catela, David; Seabra, Ana Paula; Cândido, Salvador; Cardoso, João; Dias, Rafael; Henriques, Sandro; Lopes, Paulo; Loureiro, Nuno; Costa, João PauloÉ objetivo do estudo analisar a influência das propriedades físicas do objeto na capacidade de autocabeceamento, em principiantes e não praticantes, de 4, 5 e 6 anos de idade, de ambos os géneros. Em comparação com uma bola de espuma, o balão, leve e lento, propiciou cabeceamentos sucessivos, mesmo para não praticantes, sem diferença entre géneros. Dos 4 para os 6 anos, há um aumento da frequência de e redução de tempo entre cabeceamentos. O balão propicia a exploração desta habilidade motora identitária, com impacto físico praticamente nulo.
- How To Prepare a Technical Coordination in Youth Development Soccer AcademyPublication . Teixeira, Eduardo; Loureiro, Nuno; Costa, João PauloIt’s consensual that the sports training provided by clubs must respond to a demanding process of preparation, development and consolidation of a methodological and pedagogical scope. So, we expose the concerns inherent to one of the four dimensions of a Technical Coordination(TC) modulation work in a football training entity, specifically at the level of its conceptualization.
- Effects of match location, match result and the quality of opposition in training load on a two-matches week in a top-class elite European soccer teamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; Padinha, Vitor; Ferreira, Bruno; Mendes, BrunoThe aim of this study is to analyse effects of match location, match result and level of opponents in training load on the two following days of the match (MD+1; MD+2) in a top-class elite soccer European team. Nine players participated in this study. Total distance covered, distances of different exercise training zones (1–5) and average speed (AvS) were analysed. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Hooper Index scores (fatigue, stress, sleep quality, delayed onset muscle soreness-DOMS) were also analysed. Data was analysedregarding the two following days of a match. All weeks analysed included two matches. The results showed lower values of DOMS, effect size (ES)= 1.69, and fatigue ES=1.25, on the day following an away-win match than a home-defeat match against a bottom level opponent (all, p<0.05). It was also observed higher values of sleep quality ES=1.44, zone 1, ES=-4.35, and AvS, ES=-12.65, but lower values of s-RPE, ES=3.52, on the day following away-win match against a national top-level opponent (TLO). Finally, higher values for zone 3, ES=1.71, and lower value for AvS, ES=-6.06 were observed on the day following away-win match than a home-defeat match against champions league opponent number 1 (all, p<0.05). Total distance, AvS and zone 4 were higher after playing national opponents and/or champions league opponents in MD+1 than MD+2. The pattern of training load seems to be affected by situational variables. In general, the higher the quality of the opponents, the higher Hooper index in MD+1. S-RPE seems to be higher after playing a bottom level opponent when compared with the other opponents. Also, after playing national opponents, total distance, zones 1 and 4 were higher than against international opponents.
- Construction, validation and application of an observation system in footballPublication . Cruz, Lara; Loureiro, Nuno; Costa, Paulo; Teixeira, EduardoThe football game emerges from the nature of the confrontation between two teams, characterized by the successive alternation of states of high order, disorder, stability and variability (1). Considering the natural development of football, new challenges emerge for the coach in terms of team preparation (2). The evolution and development of the football game requires coaches to constantly update their knowledge about the players and the teams where they work (3). The analysis of the football game, based on the observation of the activity of players and teams, assumes enormous importance in sports preparation (4). Along with game analysis, a topic that has gained a lot of relevance in today's football is women's football. It’s possible to observe this growth in popularity at UEFA Women’s Euro 2017 held in the Netherlands were there was an increase of 20.7 million spectators compared to the same competition in 2013. The stadiums at the home team's games were always sold out, with the total attendance of the competition being 240,045 spectators, record numbers for this sport (5). The observational methodology was used in this study because of its closely relation to sports analysis. It favors the description and analysis between the observed object and the observer in this logic of scientific investigation, due to the great interaction of the characteristics of the conducts between them and the difficulty in controlling contextual constraints (6).
- Effects of match location, match result and the quality of opposition in training load on a two-matches week in a top-class elite European soccer teamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Loureiro, Nuno; Padinha, Vítor; Ferreira, Bruno; Mendes, Bruno: It is well known that soccer and performance can be affected by situational variables. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse effects of match location, match result and level of opponents in training load on the two following days of the match (match-day [MD] plus [+], MD+1; MD+2) in a top-class elite soccer European team that played in UEFA Champions League during in-season 2015/16. Nine players participated in this study. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to measure total distance covered, distances of different exercise training zones (1–5) and average speed (AvS). The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Hooper Index scores (fatigue, stress, sleep quality, delayed onset muscle soreness-DOMS) were also collected. Data was analysed regarding the two following days of a match. All weeks analysed included two matches. The main results showed higher values of DOMS, ES= 1.69, and fatigue ES=1.25, on the day following an away-win match. It was also observed higher values of sleep quality ES=1.44, zone 1, ES=-4.35, and AvS, ES=-12.65, but lower values of s RPE, ES=3.52, on the day following away-win match against a national top-level opponent (TLO). Finally, higher values for zone 3, ES=1.71, and lower value for AvS, ES=-6.06 were observed on the day following away-win match. Total distance, AvS and zone 4 were higher after playing national opponents in MD+1 than MD+2 and/or champions league opponents. The pattern of training load seems to be affected by situational variables. In general, the higher the quality of the opponents, the higher Hooper index in MD+1. S-RPE seems to be higher after playing a bottom level opponent when compared with the other opponents. Also, after playing national opponents, total distance, zone 1 and zone 4 were higher than against international opponents.