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- Cognitive and Motivational Monitoring during Enriched Sport Activities in a Sample of Children Living in Europe. The Esa ProgramPublication . Alesi, Marianna; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Borrego, Carla Chicau; Monteiro, Diogo; Genchi, Rosario; Polizzi, Valentina; Kirkar, Musa; Demetriou, Yolanda; Brame, Judith; Sahin, Fatma; Kizilyalli, Meltem; Gómez-López, Manuel; López Sánchez, Guillermo Felipe; Pajaujiene, Simona; Indriuniene, Vinga; Rada, Ante; Bianco, Antonino
- Field-based tests for the assessment of physical fitness in children and adolescents practicing sport: a systematic review within the ESA programPublication . Tabacchi, Garden; Lopez Sanchez, Guillermo F.; Nese Sahin, Fatma; Kizilyalli, Meltem; Genchi, Rosario; Basile, Michele; Kirkar, Musa; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Loureiro, Nuno; Teixeira, Eduardo; Demetriou, Yolanda; Sturm, David Joseph; Pajaujene, Simona; Zuoziene, Ilona J.; Gómez-López, Manuel; Rada, Ante; Pausic, Jelena; Lakicevic, Nemanja; Petrigna, Luca; Feka, Kaltrina; Ribeiro, Ana; Alesi, Marianna; Bianco, AntoninoHigh levels of physical fitness (PF) can positively affect both health and cognitive function, thus monitoring its levels in youth can help increase health and quality of life in adult populations later on. This systematic review aims to identify PF field-based tests used in young European populations practicing sport to find tools that are adequate for the considered target involving a new battery within the Enriched Sport Activities (ESA) project. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. In the 83 identified articles, the main tests used were: vertical/horizontal jumps (for muscular strength/power); pushups, running at maximum effort, sit-ups (for muscular strength/endurance); multistage nonintermittent and intermittent tests (for aerobic endurance); sit and reach (for flexibility); sprinting and agility T-tests (for speed and agility, respectively); 10 × 5 m shuttle run (SR) (for both speed and agility). Few studies assessed coordination, reaction time, power, and balance. Although the selected tests are widely used and validated, they do not determine all PF aspects and do not reflect sport-specific features.A final decision was made for the inclusion of the following tests: standing broad jump, seated medicine ball throw, 20 m SR test, 30 m sprint, Illinois test, and a new test, i.e., the crunning test, to assess different skill-related components at once. The use of this combination of tests allows for the assessment of all PF components and can help planning effective training programs and cultivate sporting talent.
- Disentangling the effects of ego and task-involving climate perceptions on cohesion in youth sportPublication . Borrego, Carla Chicau; Monteiro, Diogo; Benson, Alex J.; Miguel, Mauro; Teixeira, Eduardo; Silva, Carlos Manuel MarquesThe present study evaluated how the combination of ego- and task-involving climate perceptions related to youth soccer athletes’ perceptions of team cohesion. We hypothesized that athletes would perceive their group to be less cohesive as ego climate perceptions increased in salience relative to task climate perceptions. In addition, the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ)—Portuguese version was also analyzed. A total of 956 national level youth male soccer athletes’ belonging to 49 different teams participated in the study. Using a prospective design with two time points, the polynomial regression with a response surface analysis indicated that the effect of an ego-involving climate on task cohesion varied as a function of task-involving climate perceptions. Specifically, athletes reported lower levels of task cohesion as ego-involving climate perceptions began to predominate over task-involving climate perceptions. Furthermore, a strong taskinvolving climate buffered against the negative effects of ego-involving climate perceptions on task cohesion. Regarding social cohesion, we only observed a positive linear association between task-involving climate perceptions and social cohesion. Our findings support the validity and reliability of two factors underlying the YSEQ and its longitudinal invariance across time in an elite youth sample. Future studies should strive to replicate these results in other sports and with female athletes. Our results provide insight into how task-involving and ego-involving climate perceptions combine to shape how elite youth athletes view their group environment.
- Relação entre ambiguidade do papel e ansiedade competitiva no futebol jovemPublication . Grande, Edna; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Borrego, C. ou Chicau Borrego, C.O objetivo do estudo foi examinar a relação entre a ambiguidade de papel e a ansiedade no contexto do futebol jovem. Participam no estudo 286 jogadores de futebol, do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e 19 anos (17,03±1,34). Para avaliar a ambiguidade e a ansiedade, recorremos às versões portuguesas do Role Ambiguity Scale (Beauchamp et al. 2002) e CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump e Smith, 1983). Para analisarmos a relação existente entre os dois conceitos utilizamos o teste de Pearson, e a regressão múltipla para verificar os preditores da ansiedade. Os resultados sugerem que a ambiguidade de papel está positiva e moderadamente relacionada com a ansiedade-estado. Verificamos ainda que o principal preditor da ansiedade-estado somática é a dimensão extensão das responsabilidades ofensivas e a dimensão consequências do não cumprimento do papel defensivo é o principal preditor da ansiedade-estado cognitiva. - The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between role ambiguity and anxiety in the context of youth football. This study analyzed 286 male soccer players, ages between 15 and 19 years (17.03 ± 1.34). In order to evaluate the ambiguity and anxiety, we use the Portuguese versions of the Role Ambiguity Scale (Beauchamp et al. 2002) and CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith, 1983). To analyze the relationship between the two concepts we use the Pearson test and multiple regression and, therefore determine the predictors of anxiety. Results suggest that role ambiguity is positively and moderately related to state anxiety. We also found that the main predictor of somatic state anxiety is the offensive responsibilities and the consequences of not fulfilling defensive role are the main predictor of cognitive state anxiety.
- Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale: Measurement invariance across gender and five different sportsPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Borrego, Carla Chicau; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Moutão, João; Marinho, Daniel; Cid, LuisThe aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale (MCSYSp) and invariance across gender and different sports (swimming, soccer, handball, basketball, futsal). A total of 4,569 athletes (3,053 males, 1,516 females) from soccer (1,098), swimming (1,049), basketball (1,754), futsal (340), and handball (328) participated in this study, with ages between 10 and 20 years (M = 15.13; SD = 1.95). The results show that the original model (two factors/12 items) did not adjust to the data in a satisfactory way; therefore, it was necessary to change the model by removing four items (two from each factor). Subsequently, the model adjusted to the data in a satisfactory way (χ² = 499.84; df = 19; χ²/df = 26.30; p < .001; SRMR = .037; TLI = .923; CFI = .948; RMSEA = .074; IC90% .069–.080) and was invariant by gender and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (∆CFI≤.01); however, it was not invariant between swimming and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (∆CFI ≥ .01). In conclusion, the MCSYSp (two factors/eight items) is a valid and reliable choice that is transversal not only to gender, but also to the different studied team sports to measure the perception of the motivational climate in athletes. Future studies can research more deeply the invariance analysis between individual sports to better understand the invariance of the model between individual and team sports.
- Visualização mental – definições e aplicaçõesPublication . Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Borrego, C. ou Chicau Borrego, C.O tema da visualização mental tem fascinado muitas pessoas no contexto do desporto e na atividade física. Ela é considerada uma das técnicas mais eficazes no desenvolvimento de competências físicas e psicológicas devido à sua polivalência em trabalhos de vários tipos. A visualização mental tem sido referida ao longo dos tempos por uma série de nomes - visualização, ensaio mental, prática mental e desenvolvimento cognitivo para citar apenas alguns. Este trabalho pretende resumir os principais conceitos estruturantes do tema, assim como as principais teorias que suportam o seu desenvolvimento. Apresentamos também um conjunto de investigações efetuadas no âmbito do LID Psicologia do Desporto, na ESDRM.- The theme of mental visualization has fascinated many people in the context of sport and physical activity. It’s considered one of the most effective techniques in the development of physical and psychological skills due to their versatility in the work of various kinds. The mental visualization has been referred to over the years by a number of names - visualization, mental rehearsal, mental practice and cognitive development to name a few. This paper aims to summarize the main structural concepts of the topic, as well as the major theories that support their development. We also present a set of investigations carried out under the LID Sport Psychology in ESDRM.
- Tradução e validação do instrumento de avaliação da perceção de crenças na reabilitação (SIRBS – Sport Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey)Publication . Silva, Mariana; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Borrego, C. ou Chicau Borrego, C.; Teques, Pedro; Gonzaga, LuisA Psicologia das Lesões é uma das áreas que se insere na Psicologia do Desporto. Uma vez que as lesões são algo que acontece muito no âmbito desportivo, que por consequência afeta o bem-estar psicológico do individuo, desta forma torna-se importante que exista acompanhamento por parte de um profissional especializado na área, que saiba lidar com os indivíduos de ambos os géneros, com várias idades e crenças. A psicologia das lesões contribui para a otimização da recuperação das lesões desportivas, assim como, na prevenção da ocorrência das mesmas.
- Intervención directa mediante biofeedback, para cambiar las conductas de desanimo de un portero de fútbolPublication . Estrada Contreras, Omar; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Borrego, Carla Chicau; Pérez Córdoba, Eugenio Antonio; Cantón Chirivella, EnriqueThe aim of this work is to describe an intervention which sought to modify the behavior of a goalkeeper in relation to the errors he committed, after receiving a goal, he became disheartened, and could not stop concentrating on the error committed. This attention paid to the error committed delayed a return to having adequate behavior in order to fulfil his function in the game. This intervention was carried out through biofeedback, techniques of emotional control and techniques to manage attention and concentration. Given that the intervention was carried out on an eighteen year old goalkeeper, at the request of the trainer, a study of a unique case was used. In accordance with the descriptive results, an improvement in attention and concentration was found as there was a proximity to 5 µv on beta waves and there was an increase in direct punctuation of concentration in the data of the Toulouse-Piéron test. An improvement in emotional control was also found through biofeedback, as there was an increase in the stimulating response to skin. Finally, a change in the goalkeeper’s conduct after the errors was registered, as there was a decrease in the discouraging conducts and an increase in the adequate conducts.
- Perceptions of Parenting Practices and Psychological Variables of Elite and Sub-Elite Youth AthletesPublication . Teques, Pedro; Calmeiro, Luis; Rosado, António; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Serpa, SidónioDrawing from the model of parental involvement in sport, the overall purpose was to examine the associations of perceptions of parenting practices (encouragement, reinforcement, instruction, and role modeling) and athletes’ psychological variables (self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, self-regulation, and intrinsic motivation) of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Participants were elite (n = 210) and sub-elite (n = 635) athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (Mage = 16.58, SD = 1.33). Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that young elite athletes’ perceptions of sport-related parenting practices are associated with their psychological skills and performance level in sport. Specifically, in comparison with their sub-elite peers, perceptions of parental encouragement had a significantly different strong effect on intrinsic motivation. Moreover, perceptions of parental modeling revealed different effects on performance level, as well as on intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. These perceptions of parenting practices may promote a positive learning environment, resulting in an increased likelihood of achieving a high level of sport performance in comparison with their sub-elite peers.
- Cognitive and physical cctivity-related aspects of children associated to the performance of the crunning movementPublication . Thomas, Ewan; Alesi, Marianna; Tabacchi, Garden; Silva, Carlos Manuel Marques; Sturm, David J.; Şahin, Fatma Neşe; Güler, Özkan; Gómez-López, Manuel; Pajaujiene, Simona; Basile, Michele; Rada, Ante; Palma, Antonio; Bianco, AntoninoThe aim of this investigation was to identify possible related factors associated to the performance of the crunning test in European children and adolescents. A total number of 559 children and adolescents (age range 6–14 years) of which 308 boys (55.1%) and 251 girls (44.9%), from seven European countries, were screened. A questionnaire concerning demographic and personal life-related factors and a cognitive assessment were performed. A regression analysis was conducted with the performance measures of the crunning movement. T-tests and ANCOVA were used to analyze sub-group differences. Boys have greater crunning performance values compared to girls (5.55 s vs. 7.06 s, p < 0.001) and older children perform better than younger ones (R2 0.23; p < 0.001). Children with healthy and active habits (exercising or spending time with family members vs. reading or surfing the internet) performed better in the test. Children engaged in team sports had better crunning performances compared to those engaged in individual sports (6.01 s vs. 6.66 s, p = 0.0166). No significant association was found regarding cognitive-related aspects in either children engaged in team or individual sports and the crunning performance. Older and male children performed better in the crunning test than younger and female children. Physical activity-related aspects of children’s life are associated with crunning movement performance. No association was found between higher cognitive performance and the crunning test results.