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- Caracterização dos domínios de intensidade de exercício na natação pura desportivaPublication . Espada, Mário; Costa, Aldo; Conceição, Ana; Louro, Hugo; Filho, Dalton; Alves, FranciscoA natação pura desportiva (NPD) apresenta um longo historial e é atualmente uma modalidade desportiva olímpica com dezasseis provas competitivas em cada género. Está a receber muita atenção e interesse por parte da comunidade científica na tentativa de estabelecer melhores processos metodológicos para a melhoria do desempenho dos atletas. Trata-se de uma modalidade desportiva predominantemente composta por provas com grande participação aeróbia, o que conduz à necessidade de grande precisão ao nível da avaliação e controlo do treino. Neste particular, os domínios de intensidade de exercício afirmam-se como fundamentais na articulação com as zonas de intensidade em que se pretende que os atletas treinem diariamente, assim como, na periódica avaliação com vista à adequação do processo de treino à evolução dos nadadores. Objetivo deste capítulo é efetuar uma revisão da literatura do tipo qualitativa acerca da caracterização dos domínios de intensidade de exercício com aplicação à NPD.
- Maximal swimming distance at anaerobic critical velocityPublication . Louro, Hugo; Silva, Pedro; Conceição, Ana; Neiva, Henrique; Marinho, Daniel; Costa, AldoThe aim of this study was to assess anaerobic critical velocity in swimming, its relationships with short distance performance and determine the maximal distance that can be performed at this assessed velocity. Nine male swimmers performed 15, 25 and 50 m maximal front-crawl swimming (30 min rest intervals) to calculate anaerobic critical velocity. Each swimmer also performed 100 m front-crawl at maximal velocity. Additionally, it was aimed to assess the maximal distance that could be performed at the previously assessed individual anaerobic critical velocity (up to 150 m). Capillary blood lactate concentrations and biomechanical variables were assessed on both swimming tests. Results show that anaerobic critical velocity and maximal 100 m front-crawl were highly correlated (r=0.88, P<0.01) and no differences were noted between them (1.61 ± 0.07 m.s-1 and 1.60 ± 0.08 m.s-1, respectively; P=0.34). The swimmers were able to perform 97.22 ± 20.51 m at anaerobic critical velocity. However, no relationship was found between the total distance achieved and anaerobic critical velocity (r=0.27, P=0.49) and 100m performance (r=0.49, P=0.19). Blood lactate concentration values were also different in the 3rd and 5th minutes of recovery between the two tests (P<0.05). Likewise, variations of the biomechanical variables were noted between the tests. Our results suggest that anaerobic critical velocity is a relevant tool related to the swimmer’s overall performance in short distances events. However, higher assessed velocities are not necessarily correspondent to more swimming distances without fatigue
- Air ventilation effects during the stationary roller bicycle testPublication . Brito, João; Costa, Aldo; Bento, Pedro; Garrido, Nuno; Reis, Vitor; Conceição, Ana; Louro, HugoProblem Statement: The aim of our study was to analyse the influence of body cooling through fan airflow, in acute physiological responses of elite cyclists during a maximal progressive exercise with four stages. Approach: Nine male cyclists, from the sub-23 and elite category (average age, 26.11 ± 5.11 years-old; average weight, 68.69 ± 7.28 kg; average height, 172.87 ± 3.53 cm) performed, in random order, two discontinued maximum cycling tests with progressive increments: one with fan airflow ~10km/h-1 (~3m.s-1), and the other without it, with an initial load of 150 Watts (W), and an increase of 50 Wevery 6-minute long stage, until exhaustion. In both test conditions, the heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate concentration [La], tympanic temperature (TT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were measured. Results: When the test conditions were compared, no significant differences were found between the stages for HR and RPE. Significant differences were noted for La, only at the 4th stage of the test (p=0.008). The VO2max was significantly different between the protocols (p=0.004), with significant variations at stage 2 (p=0.033), and 3 (p=0.028). TT was significantly lower (p<0.05) during all the four stages of the protocol. With the exception of HR, all the registered maximum values were significantly different (p>0.05) between the two test conditions and were achieved in the stage in which each subject reached VO2max. Conclusions: The speed of airflow at ~10 km.h-1 does seem to induce significant variations in the acute physiological responses of elite cyclists, as seen during a discontinued maximal progressive cycling test.
- As técnicas alternadas em natação pura desportiva: modelo biomecânico, modelo técnico e modelo de ensinoPublication . Conceição, Ana; Garrido, Nuno; Marinho, Daniel; Costa, Aldo; Barbosa, Tiago; Reis, Vitor; Ferraz, Cristina; Silva, António; Louro, Hugoensino das técnicas de nado constitui uma etapa fundamental na formação das competências do nadador. Assim, ensinar e aperfeiçoar as técnicas de nado são actos pedagógicos que devem sempre orientar-se para a preparação do quadro de competências específicas do nadador. Importa referir, que a aprendizagem técnica, forma particular da aprendizagem motora, constitui uma complexa actividade neuromotora. Esta envolve a totalidade do sujeito num conjunto de relações circulares de assimilação-acomodação mediante as tensões do envolvimento e ulteriores adaptações consubstanciadas em níveis organizacionais de complexidade crescente e, por isso, também de competência motora crescente. Neste contexto, desempenha um papel fundamental a hierarquização destas tensões, ou estímulos, a que são submetidos os sujeitos da aprendizagem. Para que se verifique uma aprendizagem eficaz, é fundamental que no ensino de qualquer técnica de nado se estabeleça um programa de trabalho sequencialmente correcto, partindo dos elementos constituintes da técnica, e ir realizando pequenos acréscimos até se chegar à técnica global. Qualquer programa de ensino pretende estimular o desenvolvimento e aprendizagem das capacidades motoras do aluno. Para que se possa repercutir em efeitos positivos, o ensino da natação deve basear-se na sequencialização e hierarquização dos conteúdos a serem transmitidos; na quantidade de informação a transmitir; na qualidade da execução que se pretende atingir; e no envolvimento do professor/treinador no seio de todo o processo (Sarmento, 1994).
- Stationary roller versus velodrome for maximal cycling test: a comparisonPublication . Brito, João; Lopes, Luís; Conceição, Ana; Costa, Aldo; Louro, HugoThe present study aimed to compare the acute cardio-respiratory responses of elite cyclists to a maximal progressive exercise carried out in two different conditions: in a laboratory (using a braked roller) and in an uncovered velodrome. In both testing conditions, ten elite male cyclists (age, 22.3 ± 3.9 years) performed a maximal discontinuous progressive test of 6 minutes per level with 150 W of initial load and increasing 50 W at each level until exhaustion. The heart rate and the ventilation parameters were measured breath-by-breath using a portable metabolic cart gas analysis system with telemetry data transmission. In the first 4 levels of effort, no significant differences were found between the two test conditions regarding VO2, (p=0.193), heart rate (p=0.973) and pedaling cadence (p=0.116). Comparing the maximum values achieved by each athlete in both exercise conditions, significant differences were found for heart rate (p=0.008) and pedaling cadence (p=0.005) but not for VO2max and peak power. Each variable showed a strong correlation between both assessements (VO2, r=0.984, p=0,000; heart rate, r=0.944, p=0.005; pedaling cadence, r=0.900, p=0.014). The amount of variability explained by the linear regression model for both cardio-respiratory parameters also showed a good fit value close to one (VO2max,r2=0.968; heart rate, r2=0.892). Our results suggest that identical cycling protocols conducted in different testing conditions with the same bike leads to equivalent performance but significantly different pedaling cadence and heart rate responses.
- Novas tendências para o ensino da técnica de crol. Proposta metodológicaPublication . Conceição, Ana; Garrido, Nuno; Barbosa, Tiago; Matos, Telmo; Louro, Hugo; Marinho, Daniel; Costa, Aldo; Silva, AntónioA técnica deve ser considerada como um acto motor no qual o objectivo é a produção de um determinado padrão de movimento, resultante de um processo de aprendizagem (1). Existem, como consequência, duas questões prévias que devem ser formuladas, antes da apresentação de qualquer programa de ensino/treino técnico: (i) qual o modelo técnico que se quer ver inscrito num determinado programa motor; (ii) qual a forma mais adequada de entender o processo de aprendizagem motora e desportiva, de forma a poderem ser inferidas as necessárias reflexões para a metodologia de ensino a aplicar. Com este artigo, procuramos: (i) enquadrar duma forma conceptual, quer o modelo biomecânico geral condicionante da velocidade de nado; quer o complexo sistema de investigação biomecânica nas técnicas alternadas sob a forma de princípios biomecânicos que deverão nortear a intervenção pedagógica ao nível do processo de ensino; (iii) operacionalizar estes princípios ao nível do processo de aprendizagem inicial e treino técnico da técnica de Crol.
- Anaerobic critical velocity and sprint swimming performance in master swimmersPublication . Espada, Mário; Costa, Aldo; Louro, Hugo; Conceição, Ana; Filho, Dalton; Pereira, AnaThe aims of this study were to determine and analyze the relationship between anaerobic critical velocity (AnCV, m.s-1 ) in master swimmers and short swimming distances performances. AnCV was determined for twenty four male master swimmers (42.0 ± 7.5 years) based on the performance in 15, 25, and 50 m swimming distances. Data was calculated for each swimmer using the slope of the distance-time relationship and compared with the individual best swimming performance in 100 and 200 m distances. AnCV15-25 (1.25 ± 0.22 m.s-1 ) was significantly lower than AnCV15-25-50 (1.29 ± 0.23 m.s-1 ) and AnCV25-50 (1.31 ± 0.23 m.s-1 ) was significantly faster compared to AnCV15-25 and AnCV15-25-50. All AnCV combinations were strongly correlated with swimming performance in 25, 50 and 100 m front-crawl (above 0.90, p < 0.01), and 25 and 200 m performances in master swimmers (below 0.90, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that AnCV can be used as a race-pace training reference to monitoring and prescribing anaerobic training in master swimmers, a non-invasive and inexpensive method that can estimate parameters normally obtained from blood lactate analysis.