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Duarte Martins, Alexandre António Ferreira
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- Relationship between heart rate variability and functional fitness in breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional studyPublication . Martins, Alexandre; Brito, João; Oliveira, Rafael; Costa, Tiago; Ramalho, Fátima; Santos-Rocha, Rita; Pimenta, NunoBackground: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. The treatments may also cause neuromuscular and skeletal disorders; therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the existence of a relationship between heart rate variability and different functional fitness parameters in women survivors of breast cancer. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 25 women survivors of breast cancer, with a mean SD age, height, and body mass of 50.8 8.8 years, 1.6 0.7 m, and 67.1 12.3 kg, respectively. Patients underwent measurements of heart rate variability with time and frequency domain analyses, as well as a “30 s chair-stand test”, “6 min walking test”, “timed up and go test”, and “ball throwing test”. Results: A multiple linear regression analysis showed that from the heart rate variability frequency domain, high frequency explained 21% (R2 = 0.21) of the “30 s chair-stand test” performance. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight high frequency as a predictor of “30 s chair-stand test” performance, regardless of age and time after diagnosis, suggesting its usefulness as a clinical indicator of functionality in breast cancer survivors. This study presents a straightforward and non-invasive methodology predicting functional fitness in women breast cancer survivors potentially applicable to clinical practice.
- Internal training and match load quantification of one-match week schedules in female first league Portugal soccer teamPublication . Fernandes, R.; Oliveira, Rafael; Martins, Alexandre; Brito, JoãoTraining load (TL) quantification allow coaches to a better load management during training sessions to be in the best physical fitness to the next match. The aim of this study was to compare session rated of perceived exertion (sRPE) and Hooper Index (HI) between training and match days from the same women’s Portuguese League team. Sixteen players with a mean±SD age, height and weight of 24.0±2.9 years, 164±4.1 cm and 58.5±8.2 kg, respectively, participated in this study. The participants completed ≥80% of the training sessions during 2019/20 in-season. Data was collected through the s-RPE and the HI that measured sleep quality, fatigue, stress, and muscle soreness (DOMS). Data was analysed in relation to the number of days away from the competitive one-match week (i.e., match day minus, MD-) with three training sessions a week (MD-5; MD-4; MD-2). The study analysed data from a total of 12 matches and 45 training sessions with repeated measures ANOVA, p≤0.05. Results showed differences between MD- 5 (85.2±0.3min) vs MD-4 (87.2±0.4min) vs MD-2 (80.6±0.6min) vs MD (62.8±4.9min), all p<0.05; s-RPE showed higher values on MD-5 (503.8±19.0au) vs MD-4 (473.2±14.8au) vs MD-2 (362.1±12.1au) vs MD (468.2±40.5au); HI showed higher values on MD-5 (13.4±0.5au) vs MD-4 (13.4±0.4au) vs MD-2 (12.7±0.5au) vs MD (11.9±0.4au); DOMS revealed difference between MD-4 vs MD-2 (3.1±0.2 vs 2.7±0.2au), p<0.05. It was shown that there is a higher TL on MD-5 and MD-4 compared with MD-2. Results from HI showed that sleep, fatigue, stress and DOMS was well fair controlled by coaches and staff.
- In-season training load quantification of one-, two- and three-game week schedules in a top European professional soccer teamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Martins, Alexandre; Mendes, Bruno; Calvete, Francisco; Carriço, Sandro; Ferraz, Ricardo; Marques, Mário C.Top European soccer teams that play in UEFA competitions often participate in one, two- or three-games per week. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure optimal match-day performance and full recovery. The aim of this study was to quantify internal and external training load (TL) within five microcycles: M1 and M2 - one-game weeks; M3 and M4 - two-game weeks; M5 - three-game week). Thirteen elite soccer players participated in this study. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to measure the total distance covered and distances of different exercise training zones (1-5), the session ratings of perceived exertion (s-RPE) scores and the amount of creatine kinase (CK) created during daily training sessions for the 2015-2016 in-season period. The data were analysed with respect to the number of days prior to a given match. The main results indicate that there was a significant difference in training intensity for zone 1 between M2 and M4 (4010.2 ± 103.5 and 4507.6 ± 133.0 m, respectively); a significant difference in training intensity for zone 3 between M1 and M5 (686.1 ± 42.8 and 801.2 ± 61.2 m, respectively); a significant difference in the duration of the training sessions and matches between M2 and M5 (69.2 ± 2.1 and 79.6 ± 2.3) and M3 and M5 (69.7 ± 1.0 and 79.6 ± 2.3); and finally, there was a significant difference in CK between M3 and M2 (325.5 ± 155.0 and 194.4 ± 48.9). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in TL in the last day prior to a match, for all microcycles and all variables. There was no significant difference with respect to s-RPE. This study provides the first report of daily external and internal TLs and weekly accumulated load (training sessions and match demands) during one, two, and three-game week schedules in a group of elite soccer players. Expected significant differences are found in daily and accumulated loads for within- and between-game schedules. A similar pattern is exhibited for one- and two-game week microcycles regarding the day before the match, which exhibits a decrease in all variables. Despite the different number of games played per week, TL remain similar between microcycles for zone 2 and 5, plus s-RPE.
- Quantificação da carga interna no período preparatório e competitivo em semanas com um jogo numa equipa de futebol masculina sub-17Publication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Martins, AlexandreO objetivo do estudo foi comparar a carga interna (CI) dos períodos preparatório e competitivo de jogadores sub-17 da mesma equipa. A perceção subjetiva de esforço foi recolhida em 19 jogadores e multiplicada pela duração da sessão (s-RPE). O estudo analisou um total de 2 jogos e 8 sessões de treino através da aplicação da ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Os principais resultados revelaram valores mais altos na pré-epoca na duração do treino (103,3 vs 90,0 min, p<0,001) no MD-5 e (103,7 vs 96,7 min, p>0,05) no MD-3 do que na época competitiva, respetivamente. A duração da sessão revelou ser mais baixa na pré-época no MD-4 (103,2 vs 112,0 min, p=0,013) e no MD-2 (84,0 vs 97,2 min, p<0.001) do que na época competitiva, respetivamente. A s-RPE apresentou valores mais elevados na pré-epoca comparativamente à época competitiva no MD-5 (725,5 vs 481,3 u.a., p<0,000) e no MD-3 (755,8 vs 655,2 u.a., p=0,031), mas inferiores no MD-4 (705,2 vs 821,3 u.a., p=0,002) e no MD-2 (476,0 vs 559,0 u.a., p=0,020), respetivamente. Este estudo apresenta relevante informação adicional sobre a carga interna para os períodos preparatório e competitivo que pode ser usada para ajustar a periodização em jogadores de futebol sub-17.
- Proceedings of the International Seminar of Physical Education, Leisure and Health,Publication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Martins, AlexandreThe aim of this study was to compare internal training load (ITL) of starters versus non-starters from the same under-17 soccer team. Rated of perceived exertion was collected and then multiplied by training or match duration (s-RPE) from twenty-three soccer players. The study analysed a total of 2 matches and 8 training sessions during the in-season with ANOVA with repeated measures. The main results showed higher values in pre-season for training duration (103.3 vs 90.0 min, p=0.000) in MD-5 and (103.7 vs 96.7 min, p>0.05) in MD-3 than in-season, but lower values for training duration (103.2 vs 112.0 min, p=0.013) in MD-4 and (84.0 vs 97.2 min, p=0.000) in MD-2 than in-season. s-RPE was higher in pre-season than inseason (725.5 vs 481.3 a.u., p=0.000) in MD-5 and (755.8 vs 655.2 a.u., p=0.031) in MD-3 but lower (705.2 vs 821.3 a.u., p=0.002) in MD-4 and (476.0 vs 559.0 a.u., p=0.020) in MD-2 than in-season. This study present relevant additional ITL data for pre-season and in-season that could be used to adjust periodization in under-17 soccer players.
- Variations of distance and accelerometry-based GPS measures and their influence on body composition in professional women soccer playersPublication . Fernandes, Renato; Martins, Alexandre Duarte; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Brito, João; Nobari, Hadi; Reis, Victor; Oliveira, RafaelExternal intensity quantification and body composition assessments across the season allow soccer coaches to adjust the intensity during training sessions, thereby avoiding excessive fatigue and helping players maximize their physical fitness status during matches. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to describe variations in external intensity periods of distance and accelerometry-based measures across the early and mid-competitive phases and (2) to analyze whether the intensity variations influenced body composition across the 2019/20 competitive season. Ten players from a Portuguese BPI Ligue team (professional league) participated in this study. The participants completed ≥80% of 57 training sessions and 13 matches. The athletes were assessed in three phases (before the start of the season, after 2 months, and after 4 months) for the following variables: body fat mass, soft lean mass, fat-free mass, intracellular water, extracellular water, total body water, and phase angle (50 kHz) through bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody S10). A 10-Hz GPS device (PlayerTek) was used to collect distance and accelerometry-based measures, which included total distance, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, acceleration, deceleration, and player load. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with GPS-derived measures as covariates or repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the three moments of assessment. Although the patterns of variables’ responses were not the same as the season progressed, the values of body fat mass, fat-free mass, intracellular water, extracellular water, total body water, ratios of ECW/TBW, ECW/ICW, and phase angle improved. Variations in external intensity measures seem to influence the body composition variables across the season. These results may indicate good adaptations to the training and conditioning strategies managed by the coach and technical staff.
- Long-term impact of physical activity levels after high-speed resistance training on cardiac autonomic control in independent older adultsPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre António Ferreira; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Oliveira, Rafael; Gonçalves, Bruno; Batalha, NunoThis study investigated the influence of physical activity (PA) levels on the long-term retention of the effects on cardiac autonomic control, assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), following a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program over a 12-month follow-up period. At 12-month follow-up period, 36 participants who completed the measurements were categorized into light activity group (LAG) and moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG) based on their PA levels. HRV data were recorded over a 6-min period. Significant within-group differences were observed over time. In MVAG, systolic blood pressure was significantly lower at the 6-month follow-up compared to pre-intervention (dunb = −0.87), while in LAG, diastolic blood pressure was lower at the 12-month follow-up compared to post-intervention (dunb = −0.66). Additionally, MVAG demonstrated significantly higher mean RR values at the 12-month compared to the 6-month follow-up (dunb = 0.49). Moreover, minimum and mean heart rate values were significantly higher at the 6-month compared to the 12-month follow-up (dunb = −0.39 and dunb = −0.42, respectively) in MVAG. Lastly, Sample Entropy was significantly higher in LAG compared to MVAG at 12-month follow-up (dunb = −0.89). In conclusion, participants who maintained moderate-to-vigorous PA during the 12-month follow-up demonstrated better retention of parasympathetic-related indices effects, as well as overall autonomic nervous system markers.
- In-season internal load and wellness variations in professional women soccer players: comparisons between playing positions and statusPublication . Fernandes, R.; Brito, João; Vieira, Luiz H. Palucci; Martins, Alexandre; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Nobari, Hadi; Reis, Victor Machado; Oliveira, RafaelThe internal intensity monitoring in soccer has been used more in recent years in men’s football; however, in women’s soccer, the existing literature is still scarce. The aims of this study were threefold: (a) to describe the weekly variations of training monotony, training strain and acute: chronic workload ratio through session Rated Perceived Exertion (s-RPE); (b) to describe weekly variations of Hooper Index [stress, fatigue, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and sleep]; and (c) to compare those variations between playing positions and player status. Nineteen players (24.1 ± 2.7 years) from a Portuguese BPI League professional team participated in this study. All variables were collected in a 10-week in-season period with three training sessions and one match per week during the 2019/20 season. Considering the overall team, the results showed that there were some associations between Hooper Index categories and s-RPE like stress or fatigue (0.693, p < 0.01), stress or DOMS (0.593, p < 0.01), stress or s-RPE (−0.516, p < 0.05) and fatigue or DOMS (0.688, p < 0.01). There were no differences between all parameters in playing positions or player status. In conclusion, the study revealed that higher levels of fatigue and DOMS occur concurrently with better nights of sleep. Moreover, any in-season variations concerning internal load and perceived wellness seems independent of position or status in outfield players. The data also showed that the higher the players’ reported stress, the lower the observed s-RPE, thus possibly indicating a mutual interference of experienced stress levels on the assimilation of training intensity by elite women soccer players.
- In-season microcycle quantification of professional women soccer players—external, internal and wellness measuresPublication . Fernandes, Renato; Ceylan, Halil İbrahim; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Brito, João; Martins, Alexandre Duarte; Nobari, Hadi; Reis, Victor Machado; Oliveira, RafaelAlthough data currently exists pertaining to the intensity in the women’s football match, the knowledge about training is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify external (locomotor activity) and internal (psychophysiological) intensities, as well as the wellness profile of the typical microcycle from professional female soccer players during the 2019/20 in-season. Ten players (24.6 ± 2.3 years) from an elite Portuguese women soccer team participated in this study. All variables were collected in 87 training session and 15 matches for analysis from the 2019–2020 in-season. Global positioning variables such total distance, high-speed running, acceleration, deceleration and player load were recorded as intensity while Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) and session-RPE were recorded as internal measures. The Hooper Index (HI) was collected as a wellness parameter. The results showed that internal and external intensity measures were greater in matches compared to trainings during the week (match day minus [MD-], MD-5, MD-4, MD-2), p < 0.05 with very large effect size (ES). In the same line, higher internal and external intensity values were found in the beginning of the week while the lowest values were found in MD-2 (p < 0.05, with very large ES). Regarding wellness, there was no significant differences in the HI parameters between the training days and match days (p > 0.05). This study confirmed the highest intensity values during MD and the lowest on the training session before the MD (MD-2). Moreover, higher training intensities were found in the beginning of the training week sessions which were then reduced when the MD came close. Wellness parameters showed no variation when compared to intensity measures. This study confirmed the hypothesis regarding internal and external intensity but not regarding wellness.
- Quantificação da carga interna no período preparatório e competitivo em semanas com um jogo numa equipa de futebol masculina sub-17Publication . Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João; Martins, AlexandreO objetivo do estudo foi comparar a carga interna (CI) dos períodos preparatório e competitivo de jogadores sub-17 da mesma equipa. A perceção subjetiva de esforço foi recolhida em 19 jogadores e multiplicada pela duração da sessão (s-RPE). O estudo analisou um total de 2 jogos e 8 sessões de treino através da aplicação da ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Os principais resultados revelaram valores mais altos na pré-epoca na duração do treino (103,3 vs 90,0 min, p<0,001) no MD-5 e (103,7 vs 96,7 min, p>0,05) no MD-3 do que na época competitiva, respetivamente. A duração da sessão revelou ser mais baixa na pré-época no MD-4 (103,2 vs 112,0 min, p=0,013) e no MD-2 (84,0 vs 97,2 min, p<0.001) do que na época competitiva, respetivamente. A s-RPE apresentou valores mais elevados na pré-epoca comparativamente à época competitiva no MD-5 (725,5 vs 481,3 u.a., p<0,000) e no MD-3 (755,8 vs 655,2 u.a., p=0,031), mas inferiores no MD-4 (705,2 vs 821,3 u.a., p=0,002) e no MD-2 (476,0 vs 559,0 u.a., p=0,020), respetivamente. Este estudo apresenta relevante informação adicional sobre a carga interna para os períodos preparatório e competitivo que pode ser usada para ajustar a periodização em jogadores de futebol sub-17.