Artigos em revistas internacionais - ESDRM
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- Comparative Adaptations to Different Leg Extension Set-termination Strategies in Trained Men and Women: A Unilateral Within-Participant StudyPublication . Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Refalo, Martin R.; Lucas, Gabriela Chaves; Vasconcelos, Pedro R.; Brito, João Paulo; Vilaça-Alves, José; Oliveira, RafaelThe purpose of this study was to compare relative adaptations between two set-termination strategies (momentary muscular failure vs. repetitions in reserve) using a unilateral within-participant design under ecologically realistic resistance-training conditions. Nineteen trained subjects (11 men, eight women; mean age: 22.3 6 3.9 years; body mass: 69.9 6 10.3 kg) completed an 8-week unilateral intervention. Each subject performed leg extensions, with one limb randomly assigned to the FAIL protocol and the contralateral limb to the repetitions-in-reserve (RIR) protocol. Muscle thickness (ultrasound) of the knee extensors and 1-repetition maximum strength were assessed pre- and postintervention and analyzed using Bayesian linear mixed-effect models. Estimated between-protocol differences for hypertrophy were negligible (knee extensors: 20.019 cm [20.094 to 0.054]), as were differences for 1-repetition maximum strength (knee extensors: 0.198 kg [21.87 to 2.6]). Secondary analyses using standardized mean differences also suggested no clear overall advantage for either protocol. These findings suggest that resistance training performed with a 1- to 3-RIR may produce adaptations comparable with training to momentary muscular failure in knee extensors under applied training conditions. Strength and conditioning professionals may therefore consider RIR-based strategies as a practical approach to manage fatigue while maintaining training effectiveness.
- Elbow Flexor Adaptations to Failure Versus Repetitions-in-Reserve Training: A Unilateral Within-Participant Study in Resistance-Trained AdultsPublication . Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Refalo, Martin C.,; Lucas, Gabriela C.; Vasconcelos, Pedro R.; Brito, João Paulo; Casanova, Filipe; Vilaça-Alves, José; Oliveira, RafaelThis study compared elbow flexor hypertrophy and maximal strength adaptations after eight weeks of resistance training performed either to momentary muscular failure or with 1–3 repetitions in reserve (RIR). Nineteen resistance-trained adults completed a unilateral within-participant protocol in which one arm trained to failure and the contralateral arm trained with 1–3 RIR. Participants trained twice weekly using the unilateral preacher curl exercise at 70–80% one-repetition maximum (1RM). Elbow flexor muscle thickness and 1RM strength were assessed before and after the intervention. Bayesian mixed-effects models estimated between-condition differences. Both protocols increased muscle thickness and 1RM strength. The estimated between-condition differences for muscle thickness were 0.032 cm (95% highest density interval [HDI]: −0.044 to 0.113) while the estimated difference in 1RM strength was 0.588 kg (85% HDI: −0.491 to 1.66), with both 95% HDIs spanning zero and including values favoring either protocol. Sex-specific analyses showed the same general patter of responses. Overall, resistance training performed with 1–3 RIR produces similar elbow flexor hypertrophy and maximal strength adaptations to training performed to momentary muscular failures under the loading and volume conditions examined.
- Bioelectrical Responses to Resistance Training Performed to Momentary Failure or with Repetitions in Reserve: A Within-Subject Analysis of Phase Angle and Impedance ComponentsPublication . Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Ana Ruivo; Brito, João Paulo; Oliveira, RafaelResistance training (RT) may alter tissue electrical properties, but whether proximity to momentary muscular failure influences longitudinal bioelectrical responses remains unclear. This study compared eight weeks of unilateral RT performed to failure (FAIL) or with repetitions in reserve (RIR) on segmental phase angle (PhA), resistance (R), and reactance (Xc). Nineteen resistance-trained adults (11 men: age 20.4 ± 1.8 years, height 172.7 ± 5.6 cm, body mass 74.9 ± 7.6 kg; 8 women: 24.8 ± 4.7 years, 164.1 ± 8.0 cm, 63.0 ± 10.1 kg) completed twice-weekly unilateral preacher curl and leg extension training, with contralateral limbs randomized to FAIL or RIR. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using Bayesian Gaussian mixed-effects models, with sex-specific interaction analyses treated as exploratory. Week-8 FAIL-RIR PhA contrasts were −0.079 (95% CrI: −0.440 to 0.286) and −0.065 (−0.390 to 0.256) in women’s and men’s arms, and −0.014 (−0.329 to 0.298) and 0.011 (−0.284 to 0.302) in their legs. With female as the reference category, week-8 protocol × time estimates for R were 0.922 (95% CrI: −23.693 to 25.946) in the arm and −4.106 (−17.415 to 9.360) in the leg; corresponding Xc estimates were 0.191 (−2.301 to 2.643) and −0.762 (−2.506 to 0.958), respectively. These findings are limited to segmental limb-level bioelectrical estimates and should not be interpreted as localized responses of the specifically trained muscles.
- Associations of Physical Activity with One-Year Functional and Cognitive Trajectories Following High-Speed Resistance Training in Older AdultsPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Brito, João Paulo; Batalha, Nuno; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, OrlandoBackground: Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) after completing structured exercise programmes may contribute to sustaining functional and cognitive gains in older adults over the long term. This study investigated whether different levels of PA during theone-year follow-up were associated with the preservation of the physical and cognitive gains achieved after a high-speed resistance training (HSRT) intervention lasting 16 weeks. Methods: Thirty-six community-dwelling older adults who had previously finished a supervised 16-week HSRT programme were monitored for one year. According to self reported PA assessed at the one-year follow-up, participants were allocated to eithera light activity group (LAG, n = 20) or a moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG, n = 16). The following tests were used to assess physical function: six-minute walk test (6MWT), chair-stand test, seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), timed up-and-go test (TUG), and handgrip strength (HGS), whereas global cognitive function was assessedwith the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: Exploratory between-group comparisons indicated that participants in the MVAG tended to show better chair-stand performance at the six-month (dunb = 0.76 [0.09 to 1.45]) and one-year (dunb = 1.02 [0.34 to 1.74]) assessments. SMBT performance declined similarly in both groups throughout follow up(LAG: dunb = −0.41 [−0.61 to −0.24]; MVAG: dunb = −0.44 [−0.72 to −0.21]). Although the group × time interaction did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.079, ηp 2 = 0.088), exploratory analyses showed that declines in chair-stand and TUG performance occurred mainly in the LAG, pointing to possible patterns related to the maintenance of functional capacity. Cognitive performance decreased post-intervention in both groups, regardless of the PA level. Conclusions: Higher levels of self-reported PA assessed at the one-year follow up were associated with more favourable trends in lower-limb functional performance
- Association between mediterranean diet adherence and physical activity in elderly men: a comparative study between Iran and SpainPublication . Mojgan Banihashemi; Marefat Siahkouhian; Hadi Nobari; Oliveira, Rafael; Oliveira, RafaelIntroduction: The elderly population is increasing worldwide, highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors such as nutritious eating and regular physical activity (PA). The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MDP) is recognized for its healthpromoting nutritional profile. This study examines the association between MDP adherence and PA levels in elderly men from Iran and Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly individuals aged 60 years and older in Iran and Spain (n = 1200). Adherence to the MDP was evaluated using a validated Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. PA levels were assessed using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire. Additional demographic and anthropometric data—including age, sex, weight, and height—were also collected. Results: Among Iranian elderly participants, vigorous PA showed a significant positive association with adherence to the MDP (β = 0.143, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed for light (β = 0.055, p = 0.178) or moderate (β = −0.003, p = 0.934) physical activity. Among Spanish elderly participants, adherence to the MDP was significantly associated with both vigorous (β = 0.241, p < 0.001) and light (β = 0.112, p= 0.004) PA, while moderate activity showed no significant relationship (β = 0.007, p =0.987). Conclusion: Adherence to the MDP is positively associated with higher levels of vigorous PA in elderly men from both Iran and Spain, and with light PA among Spanish participants. These findings highlight the role of lifestyle behaviors—particularly diet and PA —in shaping health-related patterns in older adults, and emphasize the importance of promoting MDP alongside regular PA.
- “Strength and power are no longer optional”: Contemporary strength and conditioning practice in an English Premier League first teamPublication . Kweon, Daeeun; Morgans, Ryland; Thomas, O.; Oliver, John; Oliveira, Rafael; Ryan, Ben; Radnor, John; Morgans, RylandPurpose: Strength and Conditioning (S&C) coaches play a central role in optimising performance and mitigating injury risk in elite football. Despite this key responsibility, limited research has examined the practical application of S&C within the daily realities of top-tier professional environments. This study explored applied S&C practices within a first-team department of an English Premier League (EPL) football club to generate context-specific insights relevant to practitioners and researchers. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with five first-team performance and medical staff members. Interviews explored S&C training philosophy and delivery, testing and monitoring approaches, and operational and contextual constraints. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Player profiling, (2) Injury prevention, and (3) Challenges in programme S&C delivery. Individualised S&C programming was primarily informed by player profiling and the positional demands. Strength and power were monitored regularly during the season, whereas comprehensive speed profiling was not consistently conducted during the season. Injury prevention strategies were systematic and individualised, integrating screening processes, targeted exercise selection, and load management. Enhancing player education and modifying exercises were key to improving player compliance, but staffing limitations and time pressures restricted the extent of individualised S&C. Conclusion: This study provides novel insights into the applied realities of S&C practice within an EPL first-team environment. While practitioners adopted evidence-informed approaches, practical constraints necessitated ongoing compromise and flexibility. These findings highlight the importance of adaptable, context driven decision-making and demonstrate the value of qualitative inquiry for capturing the complexity of elite football performance settings.
- Effects of a 16-Week High-Speed Resistance Training Program on Isokinetic Muscle Strength Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Independent Older Adults: A Clinical TrialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, Nunohis study investigated the effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on isokinetic muscle strength parameters and, secondarily, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Seventy-nine independent older adults were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG completed supervised HSRT three times per week, while the CG received no intervention. Each session lasted 60–70 minutes and included 5–6 exercises of 2–3 sets at maximal concentric speed and a controlled eccentric phase (≈2–3 seconds). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed pre- and post-intervention using isokinetic testing of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) at 60º/s and 180º/s on dominant (DS) and non-dominant sides (NDS). The HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The IG demonstrated significant improvements in peak torque for KE-DS. The present HSRT protocol effectively improves isokinetic muscle parameters and HRQOL measures in older adults.
- Didactic proposal for teaching first aid in physical education: A playful and competency-based approach in secondary and upper secondary educationPublication . Pérez-Pérez, Carlos M.; Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; Rodríguez-García, LorenaIntroduction: First aid training within Physical Education provides an opportunity to develop essential competencies related to safety, prevention, and emergency response in school settings. The Organic Law 3/2020 (LOMLOE), which regulates the Spanish national education system, together with the Andalusian regional regulations, includes risk management as part of the subject’s learning standards and assessment criteria. This proposal presents a progressive didactic model for teaching first aid in Lower and Upper Secondary Education. Method: A didactic proposal was designed based on active methodologies and practical experiences, incorporating playful activities, simulations, workshops, and cooperative dynamics. The learning sequence was structured progressively, adjusting task complexity according to each educational level and integrating the required curricular learning standards. Evaluation followed a formative approach through rubrics, checklists, self-assess ments, and learning portfolios. Results: The proposal supports the acquisition of key competencies such as the PAS protocol (Protect, Alert, Aid), basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the use of automated external defibrillators (AED), and intervention in common school emergencies. It also promotes transversal skills such as decision-making, effective communication, teamwork, and critical reflection on safety during motor practice. These elements contribute to meaningful learning and facilitate the transfer of knowledge to real-life situations. Conclusions: The implementation of this proposal helps foster a culture based on prevention and mutual care. Furthermore, it provides students with transferable skills applicable to everyday life and future professional contexts related to health, physical activity, and community intervention. This approach reinforces the role of Physical Education as a promoter of life skills.
- Short Report: Babywalkers Use and Age of Autonomous Sitting and Walking in Portuguese InfantsPublication . Catela, David; Lagoiro, Carolina; Gonçalves, Carolina; Passadinhas, Filipa; Ribeiro, Isabela; Seabra, Ana PaulaBabywalkers are wheeled seats for infants, that support their weight, and allows them to move around, pushing the floor with their feet or feet’s toes. The purpose of the present study was to verify if Portuguese infants that used babywalker gained or not temporal advantage compared to infants who did not use any instrument for learning to walk. Data was obtained through a structured questionnaire for parents, with closed questions. Results revealed that babywalkers use does not afford advantages in the acquisition of independent walk. The absence of association between seat and walk autonomously in babywalker users that also used other walk-helper (e.g., harness belt), reinforces the hypothesis that the use of these equipment’s may disrupt normal process of transition between seat and walk in infants. Considering the sample of the present study, a great percentage of Portuguese parents still presume that the use of babywalkers or similar equipment’s are necessary for independent walking acquisition. Babywalkers should be discouraged as an instrument for independent walk learning, and be replaced by functional stimulation, like stepping reflex systematic practice.
- Evaluation of internal load intensity in under-11 soccer players: presence and absence of feedback in small-sided games. A case studyPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; Pereira, Eva; Brito, Luisa; Figueiredo, Marta; Brito, João PauloThe objectives were to compare small-sided games with different numbers of players (3 vs 3; 4 vs 4; 5 vs 5) with and without feedback. The participants were 12 male athletes in the under-11 category. HR monitors were used to measure HR, and the modified Borg scale (CR-10) was used to quantify their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The RPE was also multiplied by exercise duration to generate s-RPE. All games were played twice, once with and once without feedback. In games with feedback, the greater the number of players, the higher the HR. The greater the number of athletes, the higher the RPE and s-RPE values, regardless of whether feedback is present. In 3 vs 3, HR was higher with feedback (p = .028); in 5 vs 5, RPE and s-RPE were higher with feedback than without (p = .026 for both). In conclusion, the results indicated a relationship between the number of athletes, the presence of feedback and variables such as HR, RPE and s-RPE. In games with feedback, the more athletes, the higher the HR. Furthermore, the greater number of athletes has been observed to increase RPE and s-RPE, regardless of feedback.