Artigos em revistas internacionais - ESDRM
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- Are there optimal strength training methods for soccer players? A narrative review of methodological and practical implications.Publication . Pillitteri, G.; Clemente, F.M.; Moran, J.; Oliveira, Rafael; Silva, R.; Sarmento, H.; Puleo, G.; Bongiovanni, T.; Petrucci, M.; Rodríguez, A.; Battaglia, G.; Bianco, A.Strength training is essential for enhancing performance and preventing injuries in soccer. This narrative review explores the complexities of strength training for soccer players, structured around three key areas: (i) the classification and definition of different strength expressions, (ii) the role of the force–velocity continuum in soccer-specific power development, and (iii) the tailored strength methodologies required across different phases of the season. The aim is to clarify how distinct strength qualities align with the physical and performance demands of soccer. The review synthesizes current evidence on the effects of different strength training strategies on key athletic outcomes, highlighting the relevance of explosive methods during the in-season and the foundational role of traditional strength training during the off-season. By integrating theoretical concepts with applied perspectives, the review proposes a conceptual framework that provides evidence-informed recommendations to support practitioners in designing safe, effective, and context-specific training programs for soccer players across developmental stages and competitive schedules. Future research should focus on improving the methodological quality and consistency of intervention studies, clarifying dose–response relationships, and examining the transfer of specific strength qualities to match-related performance outcomes across different age groups and competition levels
- Association between mediterranean diet adherence and physical activity in elderly men: a comparative study between Iran and SpainPublication . Mojgan Banihashemi; Marefat Siahkouhian; Hadi Nobari; Oliveira, Rafael; Oliveira, RafaelIntroduction: The elderly population is increasing worldwide, highlighting the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors such as nutritious eating and regular physical activity (PA). The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MDP) is recognized for its healthpromoting nutritional profile. This study examines the association between MDP adherence and PA levels in elderly men from Iran and Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly individuals aged 60 years and older in Iran and Spain (n = 1200). Adherence to the MDP was evaluated using a validated Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. PA levels were assessed using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire. Additional demographic and anthropometric data—including age, sex, weight, and height—were also collected. Results: Among Iranian elderly participants, vigorous PA showed a significant positive association with adherence to the MDP (β = 0.143, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed for light (β = 0.055, p = 0.178) or moderate (β = −0.003, p = 0.934) physical activity. Among Spanish elderly participants, adherence to the MDP was significantly associated with both vigorous (β = 0.241, p < 0.001) and light (β = 0.112, p= 0.004) PA, while moderate activity showed no significant relationship (β = 0.007, p =0.987). Conclusion: Adherence to the MDP is positively associated with higher levels of vigorous PA in elderly men from both Iran and Spain, and with light PA among Spanish participants. These findings highlight the role of lifestyle behaviors—particularly diet and PA —in shaping health-related patterns in older adults, and emphasize the importance of promoting MDP alongside regular PA.
- Comparisons of running and accelerometry based measures between playing positions in touch rugby. A case study of an amateur male teamPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Nalha, MatildeBackground: The main objective of the present study was to quantify the external load of the games that belong to a national tournament by comparing playing positions. A secondary objective consisted in comparing the match-to-match variations. Methods: Fourteen players (four links, four middles and six wings) were included (age: 39.36 ±5.83 years; body mass index: 26.65 ± 4.13). Participants were monitored during a tournament. ThroughGpexepro2, thefollowingmeasureswerecollectedandrelativized per minute: total distance, forward distance, backward distance, zone 1 (0–1.50 m/s), zone 2 (1.50–3.00 m/s), zone 3 (3.00–4.00 m/s), zone 4 (4.00–5.50 m/s), zone 5 (5.50 7.00 m/s)andzone6(>7.00m/s),thenumberofaccelerationsanddecelerations, impacts and jumps. The absolute values of maximal speed, maximal acceleration speed and maximal deceleration speed were also used for analysis. Results: The main findings showed meaningful higher values of zone 4 (16.18 ± 1.89 vs. 5.56 ± 3.53), zone 5 (2.91 ± 0.81 vs. 0.38 ± 0.38), zone 6 (0.35 ± 0.24 vs. 0.00 ± 0.00), deceleration (0.56 ± 0.21 vs. 0.19 ± 0.12), maximal speed (23.56 ± 1.90 vs. 18.84 ± 1.24) and forward distance (102.20 ± 13.45 vs. 67.42 ± 17.40) for middles than wings (p < 0.05), with large to very large effect sizes. In addition, no differences were found when comparing external load data from all matches. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed a clear tendency of higher values for middles than links and wings which provides a deeper understanding of the positional activity profile of an Amateur Portuguese team allowing practitioners to adjust training with the common external load experienced in a tournament. Moreover, the analysis of match-to-match comparison revealed no differences through the competition day, which means a proper fatigue management.
- Concurrent validity and reliability of global positioning systems for measuring intense running and peak speed performance: a systematic reviewPublication . Hadi Nobari; Alexandre Duarte Martins; João Paulo Brito; Elena Mainer-Pardos; Pablo Valdés-Badilla; Rafael Oliveira; RafaelThe current systematic review aimed to analyse studies on the concurrent validity and reliability of microelectromechanical devices for measuring intense running and peak speed performance. A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, using EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Keywords and synonyms were entered in various combinations in the title, abstract, or keywords: (“Global positioning system” OR “Global Navigation Satellite System” OR “GPS”) AND (Validity OR Accuracy OR Reliability OR Precision OR Repeatability OR Reproducibility OR Consistency) AND (“sprint” OR “peak speed” “top seed” OR “maximal speed”). The risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. From 839 studies, 20 were systematically analysed. It was found that 16 global positioning system (GPS) models were considered valid and 12 were considered reliable for measuring intense running and/or peak speed performance. Intense running performance in GPS with lower sampling rate (e.g. ≤ 5 Hz) acquisition demonstrated reduced validity and reliability in nonlinear movement patterns as well as movement intensity increases. Some limitations of the evidence, including the conditions associated with exercise testing and the benchmark and device used, varied between studies. In addition, the data of the algorithms used by GPS can affect the interpretation of the results. Thus it would be advisable to use higher sampling rates.
- Didactic proposal for teaching first aid in physical education: A playful and competency-based approach in secondary and upper secondary educationPublication . Pérez-Pérez, Carlos M.; Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; Rodríguez-García, LorenaIntroduction: First aid training within Physical Education provides an opportunity to develop essential competencies related to safety, prevention, and emergency response in school settings. The Organic Law 3/2020 (LOMLOE), which regulates the Spanish national education system, together with the Andalusian regional regulations, includes risk management as part of the subject’s learning standards and assessment criteria. This proposal presents a progressive didactic model for teaching first aid in Lower and Upper Secondary Education. Method: A didactic proposal was designed based on active methodologies and practical experiences, incorporating playful activities, simulations, workshops, and cooperative dynamics. The learning sequence was structured progressively, adjusting task complexity according to each educational level and integrating the required curricular learning standards. Evaluation followed a formative approach through rubrics, checklists, self-assess ments, and learning portfolios. Results: The proposal supports the acquisition of key competencies such as the PAS protocol (Protect, Alert, Aid), basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the use of automated external defibrillators (AED), and intervention in common school emergencies. It also promotes transversal skills such as decision-making, effective communication, teamwork, and critical reflection on safety during motor practice. These elements contribute to meaningful learning and facilitate the transfer of knowledge to real-life situations. Conclusions: The implementation of this proposal helps foster a culture based on prevention and mutual care. Furthermore, it provides students with transferable skills applicable to everyday life and future professional contexts related to health, physical activity, and community intervention. This approach reinforces the role of Physical Education as a promoter of life skills.
- Editorial: Optimizing athletic recovery: the effects of recovery strategies and sleep on sports performancePublication . Silva, Rui; González-Fernández, Francisco Tomás; Oliveira, Rafael; Aquino, RodrigoIn contemporary sport, recovery has emerged as a central component of the training and competitive process. It is no longer regarded simply as the time that follows exercise or competition, but rather as a complex and multidimensional process that supportsphysiological restoration, psychological readiness, adaptation to training, and the preservation of performance over time. As the physical and mental demands placed on athletes continue to increase, the capacity to recover effectively between sessions and competitions has become a matter of considerable importance for coaches, practitioners, and researchers alike. Growing interest in sleep, well-being, and recovery related interventions reflects a broader recognition that successful performance depends not only on the quality of training but also on the quality of restoration that follows it.
- Effect of different resistance training programs on phase angle in young adults: a scoping reviewPublication . Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Ana Sofia; Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Puda, Dominik; Oliveira, RafaelThis scoping review explored the effect of different strength training programs on Phase Angle, a marker of cellular health, in healthy young adults. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, until April 2025, following the PRISMA framework (PICOS) for longitudinal controlled trials with healthy adults (18–35 years) undergoing strength training (dynamic/isometric) for at least 4 weeks. Of 8722 records, four studies were included, revealing variable immediate effects of strength training on Phase Angle (increases, decreases, and no significant changes). The synthesised evidence suggests, however, that strength training protocols with higher training volumes and intensities may be associated with more favourable long-term changes in Phase Angle. It is concluded that, although strength training with higher volume and intensity may be beneficial, the immediate effects on Phase Angle are variable. Modalities such as low-load blood flow restriction training or low-frequency isometric training may not improve, or may even decrease, Phase Angle in the short term. Given the scarcity and heterogeneity of studies, this review is exploratory, and further research is needed to optimise Phase Angle through strength training in young adults.
- Effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training program on heart rate variability indices in community-dwelling independent older adults: A clinical trialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, NunoThis study explored the impact of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in independent older adults. The participants were divided into either an intervention group (IG, N = 40) or a control group (CG, N =39). The IG participated in supervised HSRT sessions three times weekly, comprising 5–6exerciseswith2–3setsand6–10 repetitions, which lasted 60–70 min. The CG did not engage in any exercise program. HRV indices, encompassing time, frequency, and non-linear, were recorded over a six-minute period. The ANCOVA results revealed significant improvements favoring the IG for mean RR (η2 p = 0.050), systolic blood pressure (η2 p = 0.126), and pulse pressure (η2 p = 0.157). Additionally, within-group analyses revealed significant increases in stress index (dunb = 0.52), sample entropy (dunb = 0.38), and DFA α1(dunb = 0.38) exclusively in the CG. This study highlights the significant potential of the HSRT to induce favorable changes in parasympathetic activity and reduce arterial stiffness.
- Effects of a 16-Week High-Speed Resistance Training Program on Isokinetic Muscle Strength Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Independent Older Adults: A Clinical TrialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, Nunohis study investigated the effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on isokinetic muscle strength parameters and, secondarily, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Seventy-nine independent older adults were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG completed supervised HSRT three times per week, while the CG received no intervention. Each session lasted 60–70 minutes and included 5–6 exercises of 2–3 sets at maximal concentric speed and a controlled eccentric phase (≈2–3 seconds). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed pre- and post-intervention using isokinetic testing of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) at 60º/s and 180º/s on dominant (DS) and non-dominant sides (NDS). The HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The IG demonstrated significant improvements in peak torque for KE-DS. The present HSRT protocol effectively improves isokinetic muscle parameters and HRQOL measures in older adults.
- Evaluation of internal load intensity in under-11 soccer players: presence and absence of feedback in small-sided games. A case studyPublication . Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, Renato; Pereira, Eva; Brito, Luisa; Figueiredo, Marta; Brito, João PauloThe objectives were to compare small-sided games with different numbers of players (3 vs 3; 4 vs 4; 5 vs 5) with and without feedback. The participants were 12 male athletes in the under-11 category. HR monitors were used to measure HR, and the modified Borg scale (CR-10) was used to quantify their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The RPE was also multiplied by exercise duration to generate s-RPE. All games were played twice, once with and once without feedback. In games with feedback, the greater the number of players, the higher the HR. The greater the number of athletes, the higher the RPE and s-RPE values, regardless of whether feedback is present. In 3 vs 3, HR was higher with feedback (p = .028); in 5 vs 5, RPE and s-RPE were higher with feedback than without (p = .026 for both). In conclusion, the results indicated a relationship between the number of athletes, the presence of feedback and variables such as HR, RPE and s-RPE. In games with feedback, the more athletes, the higher the HR. Furthermore, the greater number of athletes has been observed to increase RPE and s-RPE, regardless of feedback.