Escola Superior de Desporto
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Browsing Escola Superior de Desporto by Field of Science and Technology (FOS) "Ciências Médicas::Outras Ciências Médicas"
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- Active and sham transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) plus core stability on the knee kinematic and performance of the lower limb of the soccer players with dynamic knee valgus; two armed randomized clinical trialPublication . Samakosh, H.M.N; Maktoubian, M.; Doost, S.P.R.; Oliveira, Rafael; Badicu, G.; Al-Mhanna, S.B.; Hassanzadeh, M.; Amadekhiar, P.; Vaskasi, R.R.; Oliveira, RafaelDynamic knee valgus (DKV) is a prevalent risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in soccer players, particularly during noncontact mechanisms. Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) and core stability exercises have shown promise in enhancing motor control and biomechanical alignment, but their combined effects on DKV remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of active versus sham tDCS combined with core stability exercises on knee kinematic alignment and lower limb performance in young male soccer players with DKV. In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 42 male soccer players (aged 18–25 years) with DKV were randomly assigned to either an active tDCS group (n = 21) or a sham tDCS group (n = 21). Both groups underwent 8 weeks of core stability exercises (3 sessions/week, 30 minutes/session) preceded by 15 minutes of active (2 mA) or sham tDCS targeting the primary motor cortex (M1). The primary outcome was the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during a single-leg landing task, measured using 2D video analysis. Secondary outcomes included vertical jump height and 8-hop test time. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. A 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests was used for statistical analysis via SPSS27. The active tDCS group showed significantly greater improvements in FPPA (+5.65% vs. +2.26%, p < 0.001, 𝜂p² = 0.82), vertical jump height (+25.30% vs. +10.45%, p < 0.001, 𝜂p² = 0.75), and 8-hop test time (−21.05% vs. −14.27%, p < 0.001, � �p² = 0.68) compared to the sham group. Both groups improved from baseline, but the active tDCS group exhibited larger effect sizes across all outcomes. Active tDCS combined with core stability exercises significantly enhanced knee kinematic alignment and lower limb performance in soccer players with DKV compared to sham tDCS. These findings suggest that neuromodulation, when paired with targeted exercise, is a promising strategy for injury prevention and performance enhancement in athletes. Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and applicability to diverse populations.
- Analytical and Ecological Approaches to Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditioning in FootballPublication . Morgans, Ryland; Oliveira, Rafael; Oliveira, Rafael; Silva, Rui; Beato, Marco; Bishop, Chris; Turner, AnthonyResearch in professional football has shown that the physical demands of competitive match-play have substantially increased over the last few decades (Carling et al., 2016) as well as the training demands (Oliveira et al., 2022). As such, the role of support staff has developed to provide theoretical, scientific, and practical support to the manager in a variety of areas. These include performance analysis, strength and conditioning, and the integration of technical and tactical elements. The role of fitness and conditioning staff is to have knowledge of scientific literature and analyze performance data to condition and recover players appropriately to deal with the ever-evolving demands of elite football competition.
- Características, funções e papéis do treinador adjunto sob o olhar do treinador principalPublication . Gonçalves, Martim Fernandes; apelido, nome; Vasconcelos, FabricioEste trabalho refere-se ao Relatório de Estágio inserido no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo do ano letivo 2022/2023 e respetiva época desportiva, na modalidade de futebol. Este documento, dividido em duas partes, caracteriza e descreve o contexto do estágio (Parte I), realizado no escalão de sub-14 masculino, num clube de elite em Portugal. A Parte II refere-se ao estudo desenvolvido em contexto de estágio, no qual foram entrevistados oito treinadores principais de escalões de formação, abordando o tema da importância dos seus treinadores adjuntos, passando pelas características, funções e papéis que estes consideram fulcrais nas suas equipas técnicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi agregar as principais características que um treinador adjunto deve ter e as suas principais funções, de acordo com a visão dos treinadores principais, a fim de considerar um conjunto de pontos-chave em que os treinadores que aspiram ocupar esse cargo devem trabalhar para melhorar. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente, utilizando a ferramenta de análise MAXQDA. Os resultados revelaram que a capacidade de análise do jogo coletivo, planeamento e operacionalização do treino foram competências técnicas destacadas pelos treinadores principais, reforçando a necessidade de o treinador adjunto ser uma extensão do principal e atuar de forma proativa no processo de treino. De entre as competências pessoais, a lealdade e o espírito crítico surgiram como pontos-chave.
- Characteristics of physical exercise programs and their effects on quality of life and functional capacity in Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a scoping review.Publication . Ceylan, Halil; Soares, Maria de Brito; Martins, Alexandre Duarte; Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Susana; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João Paulo; MOUTÃO, JOÃOBackground and Objectives: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often exhibit some degree of intolerance to physical exercise and several limitations in daily activities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct a scoping review on the characteristics—frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT)—and the effects of exercise programs on quality of life and functional capacity in individuals with COPD. Materials and Methods: The present review included 21 studies that were scoping-reviewed to describe their main findings and training characteristics. Results: The participants across studies ranged in age from ~39 to 76 years with mild to very severe COPD stages. The results showed that, among all studies, eleven used cardiorespira tory training (e.g., walking or cycling), five used strength training (e.g., exercises with elastic bands or traditional resistance training), and five implemented combined training (i.e., cardiorespiratory and strength exercises). Conclusions: Overall, all training protocols improved aerobic capacity (cardiorespiratory training), strength (resistance training), and both capacities together (combined training). In conclusion, this review provided com plementary insights to existing exercise prescription guidelines, particularly concerning cardiorespiratory, strength, and combined training in individuals with COPD. However, the methodologies of the training protocols varied widely, and detailed descriptions of FITT components were often incomplete or lacking clarity, especially regarding the specific exercises used. Future research should include more comprehensive spirometry variables such as forced expiratory volume 1 or forced vital capacity, as these are critical for deter mining COPDstages. Thus, there is a clear need for more high-quality research with robust methodological design in the context of exercise interventions for individuals with COPD.
- Comparison of external load during differing microcycle structures across two competitive seasons in elite female portuguese soccer playersPublication . Espada, Mário C.; Santos, Fernando J.; Nalha, Matilde; Zmijewski, Piotr; Morgans, Ryland; Oliveira, Rafael; Brito, João Paulo; FERNANDES, RENATOThis study aimed to: (i) compare the accumulated load between three and four training sessions per week plus a match across two consecutive seasons in elite female soccer players, and (ii) compare the training/match ratio (TMr) of external load. Data from 10 players in each season were analysed during the study period. The microcycle structure of the first season included three training sessions (3dW) and a match per week, while the second season included four training sessions (4dW) plus a match per week. The following measures were used for analysis: duration, total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR,>15 km/h), number of accelerations (ACC,>1–2 m.s−2 [ACC1];>2–3 m.s−2 [ACC2];>3 4 m.s−2 [ACC3];>4m.s−2 [ACC4]) and decelerations (DEC,<1–2m.s−2 [DEC1]; <2–3 m.s−2 [DEC2];< 3–4 m.s−2 [DEC3];< 4m.s−2 [DEC4]). The accumulated load was calculated by summing key metrics for all training sessions and matches, while TMr was calculated by dividing the accumulated load by match data. The main results showed that all variables showed meaningful differences (p<0.05) except for ACC4 and DEC4. Specifically, total distance was higher in 3dW than 4dW (p=0.007), while the remaining variables were higher during 4dW. Moreover, all TMr were higher in 4dW than 3dW (p<0.001 for all variables except for ACC4 and DEC4). As expected, this study showed that adding one training session per week increased accumulated load and TMr for several key variables.
- Contextualized high-speed running and sprinting during English Premier League match-play with reference to possession, positional demands and opponent rankingPublication . Morgans, Ryland; Mandurino, Mauro; Beato, Marco; Ryan, Ben; Zmijewski, Piotr; Moreira, Alexandre; Ibrahim Ceylan, Halil; Oliveira, RafaelThis study aimed to compare high-speed running (HSR) and sprint distances (SD) when in- (IP) and out-of-possession (OP) during official English Premier League (EPL) match-play over three consecutive seasons considering playing position, match location and opponent ranking. Match data from 31 male professional soccer players was obtained via an optical tracking system. Results showed that during the IP phase, playing position emerged as the only significant predictor for both HSRIP and SDIP. Wingers showed the highest HSRIP compared to centre-backs who exhibited the lowest values (p < 0.001, ES = 4.19). Similar data were found for SDIP (p < 0.001, ES = 3.30). HSROP was significantly affected by both ranking difference (β = -0.039, p = 0.001) and match location (β = 0.369, p = 0.001). HSROP decreases as the ranking difference increases and tends to be higher during away matches (p = 0.001, ES = 0.24). SDOP was affected by both ranking difference (β = -0.023, p = 0.001) and match location (β = 0.166, p = 0.001) and decreased as the ranking difference increased. SDOP was also higher during away matches (p = 0.001, ES = 0.23). Additionally, a significant interaction was found between playing position and ranking difference (β = 0.005, p = 0.010). Lower ranking differences correspond to higher SDOP values. In conclusion, these findings highlight that by applying these IP and OP insights into practical coaching strategies, teams can potentially enhance individual physical performance and adaptability across different match situations and seasons.
- Correlating diurnal variations in peak athleticism with buccalgene expression in youth football playersPublication . Thomas, A.; Wheeler, J.; Bishop, R.; Prato, M.F.G.; Karakuş, O.; Cain, E.; Kana-Ah, A.; Nisbet, D.; Morgans, Ryland; Oliveira, RafaelHourly variations in athletic performance are a well-documentedphysiological phenomenon in individual and team sports includingfootball. Measuring the timing of maximal performance couldpotentially improve performance. Evidence suggests that buccalgene expression correlates with athletic performance, yet this hasnot been studied in sport-specific participants. Therefore, the studyaimed to (A) examine the expression of Per2 and Bmal1 genes in 45youth football players and correlate with countermovement jump(CMJ) performance; (B) investigate the fluctuations in Per2 andBmal1 expression levels and CMJ performance at various timepointsduring a regular training day. CMJ metrics (Reactive Strength Index-Modified, Force at Peak Power, Eccentric Duration, and Peak Power)and gene expression levels were measured in 45 youth footballplayers at 08:30 and 17:30. Exercise timing made a significant dif-ference in each measured performance metric at the individual andsquad level. Thirty-four participants displayed increases in RSI-mod(p < 0.001) over the morning measurements. This contributed to an8% increase in overall squad performance (p = 0.0009), which sig-nificantly correlated to buccal gene expression (R2 = 0.94). Profilingplayer buccal gene expression could inform the timing of trainingand rehabilitation protocols to coincide with maximal athletic per-formance in football, other team sports, and individual sports.
- Dinâmica do momento angular: parâmetro de controlo na exploração de padrões motores na bicicleta de equilíbrio em criançasPublication . Bernardino, Mafalda Filipa dos Santos; Mercê, Cristiana; Branco, MarcoA bicicleta reflete a cultura humana e a sua utilização exige equilíbrio e manutenção da estabilidade. A criança e a bicicleta formam um sistema único, o qual procura manter a sua estabilidade através da rotação das rodas que atuam como giroscópios, em constante interação com os constrangimentos da tarefa, organismo e envolvimento. A massa distribuída em cada roda não é igual, assim, o primeiro estudo desta dissertação analisou a proporção de massa entre as rodas dianteira e traseira do sistema criança-bicicleta. A amostra incluiu 18 crianças com uma média de 4,89±0,35 anos, para as quais o centro de gravidade (CG) foi calculado através do método de coordenadas, e o CG da bicicleta através do método de equilíbrio. A roda traseira apresentou uma proporção de 78,8% da massa total e a dianteira 21,3%. Considerando que a aprendizagem de andar de bicicleta resulta da interação dinâmica entre os vários constrangimentos como a massa da criança (organismo), massa e raio da roda da bicicleta (tarefa), a distribuição de massa das rodas no sistema criança-bicicleta deve ser considerada para análises posteriores da estabilidade. Neste sentido, e considerando igualmente que esta aprendizagem pode ser facilitada através de mudanças nos parâmetros de controlo, o segundo estudo investigou se o momento angular (MA) da bicicleta é um parâmetro de controlo para os padrões de ciclar na bicicleta de equilíbrio (BE). Este estudo incluiu recolhas transversais durante a aplicação de um programa de aprendizagem de ciclar. Participaram 25 crianças com uma média de 5,16±0,89 anos, as quais foram convidadas a usar livremente a BE, antes e depois da intervenção de 6 sessões com a BE. Os dados foram recolhidos através de vídeo e posteriormente categorizados para permitir a identificação dos padrões de ciclar. Adicionalmente, foram recolhidos dados de velocidade angular através de um sensor inercial fixado na roda da bicicleta, permitindo o cálculo posterior do MA. Os resultados evidenciaram que, à medida que o MA aumenta, as crianças tendem a transitar entre os padrões de ciclar. Com MA mais baixo, o padrão preferido consistiu em caminhar. A partir de 0,53 kg·m²/s, a maioria das crianças transitou para correr. E, a partir de 1,1162 kg·m²/s, a maioria das crianças transitou novamente para o padrão de planar. Com base nestes resultados, propomos que o MA é um parâmetro de controlo para a BE, sendo a velocidade linear uma expressão dele. Em conclusão, as características específicas da bicicleta e da criança influenciam o momento angular e, consequentemente, a transição entre os padrões. Todos estes aspetos devem ser considerados na promoção da aprendizagem de ciclar.
- Does running performance relate to the market value of elite male soccer players? A case study from the FIFA world cupPublication . Kılcı, Abdullah; Koç, Muhammed Emin; Binokay, Hülya; Erdoğan, Ali; Kamiş, Okan; Oliveira, RafaelThe study main aim was to investigate: the relationship between running performances and market values of soccer players playing in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, by playing position and all players; the comparisons by playing position; to analyse the relationship between running metrics and market values of the highest and lowest players ranked players. The relationship between running metrics and market values of 306 soccer players who participated in the tournament and played full time, as well as the 40 players with the highest (n = 20) and lowest (n = 20) market values was analysed. Overall, there was a very weak correlation between market values and total distance (r = 0.149), zone 3 (r = 0.153), zone 4 (r = 0.139), zone 5 (r = 0.160), high-speed runs (r = 0.132), sprints (r = 0.147), and top speed (r = 0.194) for all players (p < 0.05). Defenders showed very weak positive correlation between market values and top speed (r = 0.155, p < 0.05). Midfielders showed weak positive correlations between market values and zone 4 (r = 0.302, p < 0.05) and zone 5 (r = 0.369, p < 0.001), sprints (r = 0.367, p < 0.001), and top speed (r = 0.304, p < 0.05). Forwards showed no correlations (p > 0.05). While there is no significant correlation between running metrics and market value for players with the lowest market value (p > 0.05), there was a moderate negative correlation between total distance (r=-0.577) and zone 2 (r=-0.612) for the 20 players with the highest market value (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a weak correlation with zone 5 (r = 0.450) and a moderate correlation with the top speed values (r = 0.596) (p < 0.05). Weak correlations between soccer players’ running performance and market values suggest that different running thresholds are important metrics, although other factors (e.g., technical skill, age, national and team club) may influence this relationship. In conclusion, since coaches and scouts aim to recruit relatively talented players within the limits of their budgets, selecting athletes with high aerobic and anaerobic performance, particularly those with a strong high-intensity running profile, can contribute to team success and potentially generate high transfer revenues in the future.
- Efeitos da aplicação do programa de exercício MIND&GAIT na condição física, composição corporal e coordenação motora, de idosos institucionalizadosPublication . Alfaiate, Susana Isabel Luís; Mercê, Cristiana; Ramalho, Fátima; Cardona, Maria JoãoO aumento da esperança média de vida, veio trazer em todo o mundo, novos e importantes desafios. Envelhecer com qualidade de vida torna-se um dos principais objetivos nas sociedades atuais. O declínio das aptidões funcionais dos indivíduos conduzem a uma perda de autonomia e um aumento da dependência de terceiros. Quando institucionalizados, os idosos podem ter um decréscimo de atividade física, que se reflete na diminuição da sua autonomia, bem como um aumento de carências do foro psicológico. O exercício físico regular, programado para esta população especial, pode ser bastante efetivo para melhorar as capacidades funcionais de pessoas idosas, melhorando a sua condição física e o sentimento de bem-estar. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visou analisar os efeitos da aplicação de um programa de exercício físico validado para a população idosa institucionalizada, MIND&GAIT, subdividindo-se em dois estudos, com os seguintes objetivos: i) avaliar o efeito da aplicação do MIND&GAIT na condição física e composição corporal; ii) avaliar o efeito da aplicação do MIND&GAIT na coordenação motora. O programa foi aplicado a 15 idosos institucionalizados, entre os 70 e os 93 anos, com uma média de 82,69±6,81 anos de idade. A condição física foi avaliada através da Bateria de Testes da Aptidão Física Funcional – Sénior Fitness Test (SFT); a composição corporal através de várias medidas antropométrica e de bioimpedância; a coordenação motora foi avaliada através da utilização de sensores inerciais, nas tarefas de sentar-levantar e marcha. Os resultados evidenciaram que o programa MIND&GAIT promoveu um aumento significativo na atividade física dos idosos, com melhorias mais evidentes na força dos membros inferiores e na capacidade de realizar tarefas diárias. Observou-se uma redução dos valores médios de massa gorda e um aumento dos mesmos na massa muscular, embora sem significância estatística. Na coordenação motora, verificou-se um aumento na variabilidade e imprevisibilidade dos movimentos, sugerindo uma melhoria na capacidade de adaptação dos idosos a perturbações. Conclui-se que a implementação do programa MIND&GAIT foi eficaz na promoção da atividade física de idosos institucionalizados, promovendo melhorias na condição física e coordenação motora. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de programas de exercício físico adaptados para melhorar a saúde e a qualidade de vida desta população.