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Aplicação de Modelos Teóricos Motivacionais ao Contexto do Exercício - Explorar a Integração das Teorias dos Objectivos de Realização e do Comportamento Autodeterminado e a sua Relação com a Adesão ao Exercício Físico em Ginásios
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Abstract(s)
Estudo 1
Tradução e Validação da Versão Portuguesa da Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEMp). Análise
Factorial Exploratória e Confirmatória ao Modelo de Medida dos Objectivos de Realização no Contexto
do Exercício O objectivo principal do estudo é a apresentação dos resultados da tradução e validação da
versão Portuguesa da Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM), com recurso à análise
factorial exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC), realizadas com dois grupos independentes
de praticantes de exercício em ginásios, de ambos os géneros e com idades compreendidas
entre os 15 e os 55 anos (AFE: n=120; AFC: n=318). Os resultados obtidos na AFE revelam
uma estrutura factorial igual à versão original (modelo de 10 itens), que explica 62.1% da
variância dos resultados, com pesos factoriais entre 0.54 e 0.88, e uma boa consistência
interna (αEgo=0.88; αTarefa=0.80). Os resultados obtidos na AFC indicam que o modelo se
ajustou aos dados de forma bastante aceitável: S-Bχ²=65.9; df=34; p=0.001; S-Bχ²/df=1.94;
SRMR=0.05; NNFI=0.96; CFI=0.97; RMSEA=0.05; 90% IC RMSEA=0.03-0.07,
observando-se ainda uma consistência interna razoável (αEgo=0.84; αTarefa=0.77), e pesos
factoriais estandardizados entre 0.45 e 0.86, o que nos leva a concluir que a versão Portuguesa
da GOEM pode ser utilizada, com elevada confiança, na avaliação dos objectivos de
realização no domínio do exercício. Estudo 2
Tradução e Validação da Versão Portuguesa da Adaptação para o Exercício do Perceived Motivational
Climate Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQp). Análise Factorial Exploratória e Confirmatória ao Modelo de
Medida da Percepção do Clima Motivacional no Contexto do Exercício O objectivo principal do estudo é a apresentação dos resultados da tradução e validação da
versão Portuguesa da adaptação ao exercício do Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport
Questionnaire (PMCSQ), com recurso à análise factorial exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória
(AFC), realizadas com dois grupos independentes de praticantes de exercício em ginásios, de
ambos os géneros e com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 64 anos (AFE: n=122; AFC:
n=358). Os resultados obtidos na AFE revelam uma estrutura factorial que explica 52% da variância dos resultados, com pesos factoriais entre 0.63 e 0.80, e uma boa consistência
interna (αMestria=0.78; αPerformance=0.74). Os resultados obtidos na AFC indicam que o modelo
se ajustou aos dados de forma excelente: S-Bχ²=40.6; df=34; p=0.20; S-Bχ²/df=1.19;
SRMR=0.03; NNFI=0.98; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.02; 90% IC RMSEA=0.00-0.05,
observando-se ainda uma consistência interna razoável (αMestria=0.74; αPerformance=0.75), e
pesos factoriais estandardizados entre 0.50 e 0.79, o que nos leva a concluir que a versão
Portuguesa da adaptação do PMCSQ ao exercício pode ser utilizada, com elevada confiança,
na avaliação do clima motivacional no domínio do exercício. Estudo 3
Avaliação das Necessidades Psicológicas Básicas no Contexto do Exercício. Exploração de um Índice
Global de Satisfação da Autonomia, Competência e Relação, a partir da Versão Portuguesa da Basic
Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp) O objectivo deste estudo é examinar as qualidades psicométicas da versão Portuguesa da
Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp), bem como, a exploração de um
modelo hierárquico que permita avaliar as necessidades psicológicas básicas na sua
globalidade. Participaram no estudo 550 praticantes de exercício físico em ginásios, com
idades compreendidas entre os 14 e 69 anos. Os resultados suportam a adequação do modelo
de três factores e doze itens (S-Bχ²=134.7; df=51; p=0.000; χ²/df=2.64; SRMR=0.05;
NNFI=0.93; CFI=0.94; RMSEA=0.06; 90% IC RMSEA=0.04-0.07), bem como, do modelo
hierárquico com um factor de 2ª-ordem subjacente aos três factores de 1ª-ordem (SBχ
²=134.9; df=52; p=0.000; χ²/df=2.59; SRMR=0.05; NNFI=0.93; CFI=0.94; RMSEA=0.05;
90% IC RMSEA=0.04-0.07). Os resultados indicam ainda uma consistência interna razoável
(Autonomia=0.68; Competência=0.68; Relação=0.81; Índice Global=0.82), o que nos leva a
concluir que a versão Portuguesa do BPNES poderá ser utilizada com um elevado grau de
confiança, na avaliação das necessidades psicológicas básicas no contexto do exercício.- Study 1
Translation and Validation of the Portuguese version of Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEMp).
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Measurement Model of Achievement Goals in Exercise
Domain
The main purpose of this study is to present the results of translation and validation of the
Portuguese version of Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM) through exploratory
(EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis, performed with two independent groups of
participants, all exercisers in private fitness clubs, of both sexes, and aged between 15 and 55
years old (EFA: n=120; CFA: n=318). The EFA results reveal a factorial structure equal to
original version (10-item model), explaining 62.1% of total variance, with item factor
loadings ranged from 0.54 to 0.88, and reasonable reliability (αEgo=0.88; αTask=0.80). The
AFC results are generally good and showed an adequate model fit to data: S-Bχ²=65.9; df=34;
p=0.001; S-Bχ²/df=1.94; SRMR=0.05; NNFI=0.96; CFI=0.97; RMSEA=0.05; 90% CI
RMSEA=0.03-0.07. The results also indicated an acceptable reliability (αEgo=0.84;
αTask=0.77), and item factor loadings ranged from 0.45 to 0.86, which leads us to conclude
that Portuguese version of GOEM can be used with high confidence to measure achievement
goals in exercise domain.Study 2
Translation and Validation of the Portuguese version of Perceived Motivational Climate Sport
Questionnaire (PMCSQp) adaptation to Exercise. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Measurement Model of Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Domain
The main purpose of this study is to present the results of translation and validation of the
Portuguese version of Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ)
adaptation to exercise, through exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis,
performed with two independent groups of participants, all exercisers in private fitness clubs,
of both sexes, and aged between 14 and 64 years old (EFA: n=122; CFA: n=358). The EFA
results reveal a factorial structure explaining 52% of total variance, with item factor loadings
ranged from 0.63 to 0.80, and reasonable reliability (αMastery=0.78; αPerformance=0.74). The AFC results are generally good and showed an excellent model fit to data: S-Bχ²=40.6; df=34;
p=0.20; S-Bχ²/df=1.19; SRMR=0.03; NNFI=0.98; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.02; 90% IC
RMSEA=0.00-0.05. The results also indicated an acceptable reliability (αMastery=0.74;
αPerformance=0.75), and item factor loadings ranged from 0.50 to 0.79, which leads us to
conclude that Portuguese version of PMCSQ adaptation to exercise can be used with high
confidence to measure motivational climate in exercise domain.Study 3
Basic Psychological Needs Assessment in Exercise Domain. Exploring an Global Satisfaction Index of
Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness, from the Portuguese version of Basic Psychological Needs in
Exercise Scale (BPNESp)
The main propose of this study is the psychometric properties examination of the Portuguese
version of Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNESp). Besides that, an overall
need satisfaction factor was postulated underpinned by the three psychological needs. These
proposes were accomplished with a sample of 550 exercisers from private fitness centers,
aged from 14 to 69 years. The results support the suitability of the three-factor and twelveitems
model (S-Bχ²=134.7; df=51; p=0.000; χ²/df=2.64; SRMR=0.05; NNFI=0.93; CFI=0.94;
RMSEA=0.06; 90% IC RMSEA=0.04-0.07), and also of the three first-order factors
underpinning a second-order factor (S-Bχ²=134.9; df=52; p=0.000; χ²/df=2.59; SRMR=0.05;
NNFI=0.93; CFI=0.94; RMSEA=0.05; 90% IC RMSEA=0.04-0.07). The results also
indicated a reasonable reliability (Autonomy=0.68; Competence=0.68; Relatedness=0.81;
Global Index=0.82). Those findings allow us to conclude, that Portuguese version of BPNES
can be used to, with great confidence, to measure the basic psychological needs in exercise domain.Study 4
Behavioural Regulation Assessment in Exercise Domain: Exploring an Autonomous versus Controlled
Motivation Index from the Portuguese version of Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire
(BREQ-2)
The main propose of this study is the psychometric properties examination of the Portuguese
version of Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2). Besides that, an
overall factor to measure autonomous and controlled motivation was postulated underpinned
by the different types of behavioral regulation. These proposes were accomplished with a
sample of 550 exercisers from private fitness centers, aged from 14 to 69 years. The results
support the suitability of the five-factor and eighteen-items model, that lead us to one item
exclusion (S-Bχ²=221.7; df=125; p=0.000; χ²/df=1.77; SRMR=0.06; NNFI=0.90; CFI=0.92;
RMSEA=0.04; 90% IC RMSEA=0.03-0.05). However, factor reliability showed some
problems of internal consistency. In other hand, results of the hierarchical model
underpinning two second-order factors, that comprise controlled motivation (external and
introjected regulation) and autonomous motivation (identified and intrinsic regulation),
showed acceptable fit to data (S-Bχ²=172.6; df=74; p=0.000; χ²/df=2.33; SRMR=0.07;
NNFI=0.90; CFI=0.92; RMSEA=0.05; 90% IC RMSEA=0.04-0.06), and reasonable
reliability (controlled motivation=0.75; autonomous motivation=0.76). Those findings allow
us to conclude, that Portuguese version of BREQ-2 (excluded item 17) can be used to
measure the controlled and autonomous motivation (by an composite of factors), in exercise domain.Study 5
Motivation and Adherence to Exercise in Fitness Centers. Test of Motivational Hierarchical Models that
Integrates the Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory
The main propose of this study is to test two hierarchical motivational models of exercise
adherence that integrates the Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory.
These proposes were accomplished with 218 exercisers from private fitness centers of both
genders (102 female, 116 male), and aged between 15 and 60 years, that completed the
Portuguese version of Goal Orientation Exercise Measure (GOEM), Perceived Motivational. Climate in Exercise Questionnaire (PMCEQ), Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale
(BPNES), Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2), and adherence to
exercise was measure by the number of their visits to the fitness center over 6-month period
before and after the psychological assessment. The structural equation modeling results
showed: 1) task orientation positively predicted autonomous motivation, while ego orientation
positively predicted amotivation. In turn, only the positive association between selfdetermined
motivation and adherence to exercise was significant; 2) mastery-involving
motivacional climate positively predicted the basic psychological needs. In turn, the
satisfaction of these needs predicted autonomous motivation, which also positively predicted
adherence to exercise. There were no significant associations between performance-involving
motivacional climate, basic psychological needs, and less self-determined motivation; 3) only
few amount of variation of adherence to exercise was explained by both motivacional models.
However both models significant improve their predictive power over adherence to exercise
when past behaviour was taken into account.
Description
DISSERTAÇÃO DE DOUTORAMENTO
EM CIÊNCIAS DO DESPORTO - Este trabalho foi expressamente elaborado com
vista à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências do Desporto, de acordo com o disposto no Decreto-lei nº216/92, de 13 de Outubro, por Luís Filipe Cid Serra,orientado por:Professor Doutor José Augusto Marinho Alves, Professor Doutor José Carlos Leitão.
Keywords
Motivação Objectivos de realização Exercício Avaliação psicológica Clima motivacional Teoria da autoafirmação Análise factorial confirmatória Motivation Achievement goals Psychological assessment
Citation
Publisher
Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro