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- Impact analysis of BPN in subjective happiness, subjective vitality and physical sctivity in an elderly portuguese populationPublication . Couto, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, Diogo; Moutão, João; Marinho, Daniel; Cid, LuisThe goal of this work is to analyze the impact of elderly Portuguese individuals’ global perception of satisfying basic psychological needs in the areas of subjective happiness, subjective vitality and physical activity through a structural equations model. The way of well-being differs according to the amount of physical activity practiced in Portuguese elderly was also analyzed. Participants included 309 elderly people (242 females, 67 males) of Portuguese nationality who practice different levels of physical activity. Their ages range from 60 to 90 years old (M=68.59; DP=6.60). The obtained results show that the perception of basic psychological needs in Portuguese elderly people’s lives are a positive predictor of subjective happiness and subjective vitality. Also, the results verified that elderly people who perceive higher levels of competence practice more physical activity. Consequently, it is also possible to conclude that elderly people who participate in more physical activities perceive greater levels of subjective happiness and subjective vitality.
- A avaliação do hábito em praticantes de exercício físico: testando a validade do self-report behavioral automaticity indexPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Cid, Luis; Forte, Pedro; Teixeira, Diogo; Travassos, Bruno; Monteiro, DiogoOs comportamentos habituais são repetidos inconscientemente, sem intenção. A medição precisa do hábito é crucial para ajudar os investigadores a desenvolver e aplicar um modelo teórico sobre o hábito, com uma medida empiricamente válida. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a validade e a fiabilidade do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index numa amostra Portuguesa praticante de exercício físico. Foram recolhidos dados de duas amostras independentes, com um total de 590 adultos (mulheres= 311; homens= 279). Realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória do modelo de medida de quatro itens do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index e uma análise de invariância entre duas amostras independentes. Adicionalmente, foi testado um modelo de mediação de forma a analisar o papel mediador da frequência semanal de exercício físico entre a experiência passada e o hábito. O modelo de medida do Self-Report Behavior Automaticity Index demonstrou um ajustamento aceitável em cada uma das amostras e os coeficientes de fiabilidade compósita foram adequados. O modelo de medida revelou ser invariante entre amostras, acrescentando, por isso um maior suporte à sua validade para avaliar o comportamento habitual. A frequência do exercício medeia a relação entre a experiência e o desenvolvimento do hábito, acrescentando evidências à teoria do hábito
- The relationship between teachers and peers’ motivational climates, needs satisfaction, and physical education grades: an AGT and SDT approachPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Cid, LuisGrounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, this study aimed to examine the associations of students’ perception of learning- and performance-oriented climates created by teachers and peers on basic psychological needs satisfaction, and consequently their relationships with physical education grades. This study had a cross-sectional design, and 589 students aged between 10 and 18 years (M = 12.93; SD = 1.49) were recruited for analysis. Participants completed a multisection survey assessing motivational climates and basic psychological needs, and physical education grades were provided by the physical education teacher. Students’ perception of learning-oriented climates created by teachers and peers was positively and significantly associated with basic psychological needs satisfaction. Additionally, these learning-oriented climates presented a significant indirect association with physical education grades. On the other hand, the performance-oriented climate created by teachers had a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs satisfaction and displayed a negative indirect relationship with physical education grades. The performance-oriented climate created by peers had a positive and significant relationship with basic psychological needs satisfaction and displayed a positive indirect relationship with physical education grades. The perception of performance-oriented climates created by peers could represent a boost within the students in physical education features. Teachers have the responsibility of promoting task and learning environments in which students experience positive outcomes, not only on a motivational level but also on a cognitive level
- Understanding needs satisfaction and frustration in young athletes: factor structure and invariance analysisPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Cid, Luis; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Fonseca, Teresa; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Silva, Luís M.; Rodrigues, FilipeSports research has been focused on the assessment of basic needs satisfaction, considering its absence as a representation of needs frustration. However, recent findings have suggested needs satisfaction and frustration as asymmetrical factors leading to differentiated outcomes. An accurate measurement of needs poses itself as a crucial aspect, facilitating coaches’ understanding of athlete’s motivational processes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric proprieties of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in a sample of Portuguese athletes. A multigroup analysis was conducted of gender, sport type, age, and years of sports practice. Additionally, needs satisfaction and needs frustration were tested as predictors of behavioral regulations examining the nomological validity of the BPNSFS. Data from 594 Portuguese athletes (38.6% female; Mage = 15.21; SD = 0.97) that represent two different sports (football and swimming) were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling procedures were followed to test the factor structure and nomological validity of the scale, respectively. Analyses indicated that the six-factor model provided an adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.947, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.936, Standardized Root Mean Square = 0.039, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.048 (CI 90% = 0.043, 0.054)). Moreover, the multigroup analysis suggested invariance in the observed structure across groups. In addition, findings indicated a strong prediction between needs satisfaction and autonomous forms of motivation, whereas needs frustration predicted significantly controlled forms of motivation. The sport-adapted BPNSFS in a sample of Portuguese athletes seemed to be an adequate measure for the assessment of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. Our findings suggested that this scale may be worth testing in future research in the sport context.
- Examining exercise motives between gender, age and activity: a first-order scale analysis and measurement invariancePublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; MOUTÃO, JOÃO; Teixeira, Diogo; Cid, Luis; Monteiro, DiogoConceptualizing an exercise program according to exercisers motives seems to be crucial. Thus, adequate and validated scale assessing motives for physical activity is necessary. This study aimed to translate and validate the Exercise Motives Inventory – 2 (EMI-2), a scale assessing fourteen motives for regular physical activity in Portuguese exercisers. In addition, comparison of motives between groups were made according to gender, age, and fitness activity. For scale validation, data from two independent samples were collected: calibration (n = 820; female = 499) and validation (n = 733; female = 451) participants. For scale reliability and mean difference analysis, data from a new sample was collected (n = 515; female = 342). Results showed that data did not fit the original 51-item model. After reviewing item loadings, two items were eliminated, since they presented factor loadings below acceptable. Hence, the revised model encompassing 49-item had an adequate fit. Convergent and discriminant validity was achieved in the revised model, displaying acceptable construct validity. In addition, invariance criteria were respected between female and male Portuguese exercisers. Regarding mean comparison analysis, differences were found between gender, and across age and fitness activities. Nevertheless, in overall the majority of exercisers indicated “general health” and “physiological” motives as the most valued. The EMI-2 is a reliable scale assessing motives in Portuguese exercisers. This study suggests that exercise programs should be conceptualized considering motives, but also gender, age, and fitness activity.
- Understanding exercise adherence: the predictability of past experience and motivational determinantsPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Teixeira, Diogo S.; Neiva, Henrique P.; Cid, Luis; Monteiro, DiogoBackground: An unresolved debate lingers over the effect of past behavior on motivational patterns and future behavior stability in the exercise context. Theorists argue that past behavior has a residual effect on future behavior; however, empirical studies have shown that past behavior displays significant power in predicting behavior recurrence in the future. The present research aimed to examine the effect of past behavior and motivational determinants on future exercise adherence. Methods: Data from 437 Portuguese gym exercisers (female = 235; male = 202) aged between 18 and 53 years (M = 31.14; SD = 9.47), with exercise experience ranging from 6 to 12 months (M = 9.41; SD = 1.33) were considered for research. Participants completed a multi-section survey measuring interpersonal behaviors, basic psychological needs, behavioral regulations, and intentions. Data from past behavior and future exercise adherence were collected using computerized records of their attendance at the gym. Results: Positive and significant correlations paths were evidenced among perceived supportive behaviors, needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, intentions and future exercise adherence. Similar results were presented among perceived thwarting behaviors, needs frustration, and controlled motivation. Regression paths showed that perceived supportive behavior, basic needs satisfaction, and autonomous motivation displayed positive and significant effects on future behaviors; thus, past behavior displayed the highest coefficient on future exercise adherence. Fitness professionals should aim at creating supportive environments, thus, improving the likelihood of being perceived by exercisers as need-supportive individuals. By doing so, as a result, exercisers would experience increased levels of autonomous motivation and higher rates of future exercise attendance at the gym. Hence, exercisers will gradually form their positive past exercise experience, increasing the probability of engaging in an exercise in the future.
- Validação da subjetive happiness scale (shs) e influência da atividade física sobre a felicidade dos idosos portuguesesPublication . Couto, Nuno; Antunes, Raul; Monteiro, Diogo; Vitorino, Anabela; Moutão, João; Marinho, Daniel; Cid, LuisEste estudo objetivou validar a versão portuguesa da Subjetive Happiness Scale (SHS) para a população idosa portuguesa através de uma análise fatorial confirmatória, e verificar de que modo a felicidade subjetiva se faz diferenciar entre idosos fisicamente ativos e inativos. Participaram neste estudo, 309 idosos (242 género feminino, 67 género masculino), com idades compreendidas entre os 60 e os 90 anos (M = 68.59; DP = 6.60). Os resultados obtidos revelaram um ajustamento muito satisfatório do modelo original da SHS : χ² = .26; p = .87; df = 2; SRMR = .006; TLI = .98; CFI = .99; RMSEA = .00, o que nos leva a concluir que a versão portuguesa da SHS pode ser utilizada com elevada confiança na avaliação da felicidade subjetiva na população idosa. Verificou-se ainda, através do estudo das diferenças, que os idosos ativos possuem maior perceção de felicidade relativamente aos inativos.
- Validation of the Behavioral Regulation Sport Questionnaire in portuguese athletesPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Moutão, João; Cid, LuisThe purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), using confirmatory factor analysis, with a total sample formed of 940 athletes (n = 232 female and n = 708 male), from different sports: football (n = 623), basketball (n = 202), athletics (n = 43) and swimming (n = 72), participating in the categories of iniciated, juvenile, junior and senior, with an average of (M = 17.63; SD = 4.32) years. The results support the suitability of the model (6 factors/24 items), showing an adjustment fit to the data for this sample (S-B χ² = 1308; df = 237; p = .001; SRMR = .059; NNFI = .895; CFI = .901; RMSEA = .066; 90%IC RMSEA = .066-.070). As for the individual parameters, the items factorial weights present acceptable values, factor loadings varied (between .49 to .84), and acceptable values of internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validity’s. Those findings allow us to conclude that the Portuguese version of the BRSQ can be used with high confidence to evaluate de motivation regulation in the sport context.
- Examining the motivational determinants of enjoyment and the intention to continue of persistent competitive swimmersPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Pelletier, Luc; Moutão, João; Cid, LuisThis study examined whether the motivational climate, the satis/action o/ basic psychological needs, sel/-determined motivation, and enjoyment could explain why swimmers persisted/or a periodo/six years and whether it could predict their intentions to continue practicing swimming one more year. Multigroup analysis across gender, age-groups and years o/ experience were also analysed. 799 swimmers (450 males, 349females), with ages between 12 and 22 years, completed a survey that included the proposed variables. The results support the adequacy o/ the/inal model in explaining the swimmers persistence aver a period o/ six years and their intention to persist one more year. In sum, when coaches create a taskinvolving climate, this climate is conducive to the satis/action o/ basic needs satis- /action. This, in turn, leads to more self-determined motivation, more enjoyment and more intention to continue the practice o/one's sport, independently o/gender, age-groups and years o/ experience.
- The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) Portuguese-Version: Evidence of Reliability, Validity and Invariance Across GenderPublication . Cid, Luis; Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, Diogo; Teques, Pedro; Alves, Susana; Moutão, João; Nunes Silva, Marlene; Palmeira, AntónioThis study has as prime objective to analyze the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) in a sample of Portuguese exercisers and invariance across gender. Two independent samples (448 calibration; 374 validation), aged between 16 and 78 years (M = 40.29; SD = 16.24), of both gender, (495 female; 327 male) were enrolled in this study. The results show that the original model (six factors; 24 items) did not fit to the data in a satisfactory way (χ 2 = 977.49; df = 237; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.07; NNFI = 0.80; CFI = 0.83; RMSEA = 0.08; 90% CI = 0.08–0.09). After removing six items (one for each factor), the model (six factors; 18 items) adjustment improved in a satisfactory way in both samples: calibration (χ 2 = 331.86; df = 120; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.06; NNFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.06; 90% CI 0.06–0.07) and validation (χ 2 = 254.08; df = 120; B-S p < 0.001; SRMR = 0.04; NNFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.06; 90% CI = 0.05–0.06). Results also showed model invariance across gender (1CFI ≤ 0.01). The Portuguese version of BREQ-3 (six factors; 18 items) is a valid and reliable measurement instrument to measure behavior regulation underlying self-determination theory in the exercise domain. However, the evidence also indicated that additional studies are needed to address the fragilities of the original model (six factors; 24 items).