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- Effect of different resistance training programs on phase angle in young adults: a scoping reviewPublication . Vasconcelos, Tiago; Alves, Ana Sofia; Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Puda, Dominik; Oliveira, RafaelThis scoping review explored the effect of different strength training programs on Phase Angle, a marker of cellular health, in healthy young adults. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, until April 2025, following the PRISMA framework (PICOS) for longitudinal controlled trials with healthy adults (18–35 years) undergoing strength training (dynamic/isometric) for at least 4 weeks. Of 8722 records, four studies were included, revealing variable immediate effects of strength training on Phase Angle (increases, decreases, and no significant changes). The synthesised evidence suggests, however, that strength training protocols with higher training volumes and intensities may be associated with more favourable long-term changes in Phase Angle. It is concluded that, although strength training with higher volume and intensity may be beneficial, the immediate effects on Phase Angle are variable. Modalities such as low-load blood flow restriction training or low-frequency isometric training may not improve, or may even decrease, Phase Angle in the short term. Given the scarcity and heterogeneity of studies, this review is exploratory, and further research is needed to optimise Phase Angle through strength training in young adults.
- Effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training program on heart rate variability indices in community-dwelling independent older adults: A clinical trialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, NunoThis study explored the impact of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in independent older adults. The participants were divided into either an intervention group (IG, N = 40) or a control group (CG, N =39). The IG participated in supervised HSRT sessions three times weekly, comprising 5–6exerciseswith2–3setsand6–10 repetitions, which lasted 60–70 min. The CG did not engage in any exercise program. HRV indices, encompassing time, frequency, and non-linear, were recorded over a six-minute period. The ANCOVA results revealed significant improvements favoring the IG for mean RR (η2 p = 0.050), systolic blood pressure (η2 p = 0.126), and pulse pressure (η2 p = 0.157). Additionally, within-group analyses revealed significant increases in stress index (dunb = 0.52), sample entropy (dunb = 0.38), and DFA α1(dunb = 0.38) exclusively in the CG. This study highlights the significant potential of the HSRT to induce favorable changes in parasympathetic activity and reduce arterial stiffness.
- Effects of a 16-Week High-Speed Resistance Training Program on Isokinetic Muscle Strength Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Independent Older Adults: A Clinical TrialPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Fernandes, Orlando; Brito, João Paulo; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Batalha, Nunohis study investigated the effects of a 16-week high-speed resistance training (HSRT) program on isokinetic muscle strength parameters and, secondarily, on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Seventy-nine independent older adults were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG completed supervised HSRT three times per week, while the CG received no intervention. Each session lasted 60–70 minutes and included 5–6 exercises of 2–3 sets at maximal concentric speed and a controlled eccentric phase (≈2–3 seconds). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed pre- and post-intervention using isokinetic testing of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) at 60º/s and 180º/s on dominant (DS) and non-dominant sides (NDS). The HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The IG demonstrated significant improvements in peak torque for KE-DS. The present HSRT protocol effectively improves isokinetic muscle parameters and HRQOL measures in older adults.
- Associations of Physical Activity with One-Year Functional and Cognitive Trajectories Following High-Speed Resistance Training in Older AdultsPublication . Duarte Martins, Alexandre; Brito, João Paulo; Batalha, Nuno; Gonçalves, Bruno; Oliveira, Rafael; Fernandes, OrlandoBackground: Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) after completing structured exercise programmes may contribute to sustaining functional and cognitive gains in older adults over the long term. This study investigated whether different levels of PA during theone-year follow-up were associated with the preservation of the physical and cognitive gains achieved after a high-speed resistance training (HSRT) intervention lasting 16 weeks. Methods: Thirty-six community-dwelling older adults who had previously finished a supervised 16-week HSRT programme were monitored for one year. According to self reported PA assessed at the one-year follow-up, participants were allocated to eithera light activity group (LAG, n = 20) or a moderate-to-vigorous activity group (MVAG, n = 16). The following tests were used to assess physical function: six-minute walk test (6MWT), chair-stand test, seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), timed up-and-go test (TUG), and handgrip strength (HGS), whereas global cognitive function was assessedwith the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: Exploratory between-group comparisons indicated that participants in the MVAG tended to show better chair-stand performance at the six-month (dunb = 0.76 [0.09 to 1.45]) and one-year (dunb = 1.02 [0.34 to 1.74]) assessments. SMBT performance declined similarly in both groups throughout follow up(LAG: dunb = −0.41 [−0.61 to −0.24]; MVAG: dunb = −0.44 [−0.72 to −0.21]). Although the group × time interaction did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.079, ηp 2 = 0.088), exploratory analyses showed that declines in chair-stand and TUG performance occurred mainly in the LAG, pointing to possible patterns related to the maintenance of functional capacity. Cognitive performance decreased post-intervention in both groups, regardless of the PA level. Conclusions: Higher levels of self-reported PA assessed at the one-year follow up were associated with more favourable trends in lower-limb functional performance