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- Validation of the Behavioral Regulation Sport Questionnaire in portuguese athletesPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Moutão, João; Cid, LuisThe purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ), using confirmatory factor analysis, with a total sample formed of 940 athletes (n = 232 female and n = 708 male), from different sports: football (n = 623), basketball (n = 202), athletics (n = 43) and swimming (n = 72), participating in the categories of iniciated, juvenile, junior and senior, with an average of (M = 17.63; SD = 4.32) years. The results support the suitability of the model (6 factors/24 items), showing an adjustment fit to the data for this sample (S-B χ² = 1308; df = 237; p = .001; SRMR = .059; NNFI = .895; CFI = .901; RMSEA = .066; 90%IC RMSEA = .066-.070). As for the individual parameters, the items factorial weights present acceptable values, factor loadings varied (between .49 to .84), and acceptable values of internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validity’s. Those findings allow us to conclude that the Portuguese version of the BRSQ can be used with high confidence to evaluate de motivation regulation in the sport context.
- O papel de mediação das necessidades psicológicas na associação entre o suporte de autonomia e o bem-estar psicológico em praticantes de fitnessPublication . MOUTÃO, JOÃO; Alves, Susana; Monteiro, Diogo; Cid, LuisTendo por base a teoria da autodeterminação, este estudo objetiva a análise do papel mediador da perceção de satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas na relação entre a perceção de suporte de autonomia dado pelo instrutor de fitness e indicadores de bem-estar psicológico, em praticantes de exercício. Participaram neste estudo 984 praticantes de fitness em ginásios, de ambos os géneros (531 femininos; 453 masculinos), com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e os 70 anos (M= 31.7; SD= 11.2). Todos os praticantes foram avaliados ao nível da sua perceção de suporte de autonomia dado pelo instrutor de fitness, perceção de satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas (competência, autonomia e relação) e bem-estar psicológico (vitalidade subjetiva, satisfação com a vida e autoestima global). Os resultados obtidos, com recurso à análise de equações estruturais, corroboram o papel mediador das necessidades psicológicas básicas na relação entre a perceção de suporte de autonomia e o bem-estar psicológico. Estes resultados clarificam o mecanismo de promoção do bem-estar psicológico em praticantes de exercício, auxiliando no processo de delineamento de intervenções futuras no contexto do fitness com este propósito.
- Motivational patterns in persistent swimmers: a serial mediation analysisPublication . Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Pelletier, Luc; Monteiro, Diogo; Rodrigues, Filipe; MOUTÃO, João; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Cid, LuisObjective: The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between coach-created task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue practicing sport, through a serial mediation analysis that included basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPN), self-determined motivation (SDM) and enjoyment. Methods: 799 elite swimmers (450 males, 349 females; aged 12-22 years, M = 16.65, SD = 2.83) participated in the present study. Groups were created according to age, years of experience, and gender. Results: Serial Mediation Analysis provided support for the proposed model where BPŃs and enjoyment represent the most important mediators between task-involving climate and athletes' intentions to continue sport practice. Conclusion: Enjoyment stands out as the most relevant predictor of intention to persist and as a significant mediator in the relation between task-involvement climate, BPN, SDM, and long-term sports practice. The task-involving climate created by coaches appears to set in motion a sequence where the satisfaction of basic needs and SDM lead to more enjoyment and increased persistence among young athletes.
- Self-determination and physical exercise adherence in the contexts of fitness academies and personal trainingPublication . Klain, Ingi Petitemberte; Cid, Luis; Matos, Dihogo Gama de; Moutão, João; Leitão, JoséThis research aimed to analyze the validity of the relations hypothesized by the theory of self-determination in predicting adherence to physical exercise in fitness academy users and subjects following personal training. A total of 588 persons from Pelotas / RS / Brazil (405 gym users and 183 subjects following personal training) completed the Portuguese version of the three questionnaires, i.e. the Perceived Autonomy Support Climate Exercise Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs in the Exercise Scale and Behavioral Regulation in the Exercise Questionnaire -2. The results support the factorial structure of the questionnaires used in this sample. There was a significant multivariate effect of context on self-determination for physical exercise training [Wilks’ λ = 0.934, F (10, 576.000) = 4.03, p < 0.001, η² = 0.01]. The hypothesized structural equation model, which considered the self-determination theory, showed a good fit to the data (S-B χ² = 234.703; p= .001; df = 52; χ²/df = 4.514; SRMS = .049; NNFI = .906; CFI = .926; RMSEA = .077; RMSEA 90% CI = .067 - .088). However, in the comparative analysis, the perception of autonomy support, relatedness and competence were significantly higher in the context of personal training, while the amotivation and external regulation were significantly higher in the context of fitness academies.
- Perceived Effort in Football Athletes: The Role of Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination TheoryPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, Diogo; Travassos, Bruno; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Moutão, João; Machado, Sergio; Cid, LuisThis study examined the motivational determinants of athletes perceived effort in football considering the four-stage motivational sequence at the contextual level proposed by Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: task-involving climate, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation (SDM), and perceived effort. Additionally, SEM multi-group analysis across different age-groups (U15, U17, U19, and U21 years) and serial mediation of basic psychological needs (BPNs) and SDM on the task-involving motivational climate and the perceived effort were also analyzed. Two independent samples of male football athletes (N = 403, N = 403), aged 13–20 years were enrolled in this study. The results support the adequacy of the structural model in explaining the perceived effort of football atheltes in all samples under analysis, and was invariant across U17, U19, and U21. However, it was not invariant across U15 and U17, U19 and U21. Furthermore, results from the serial mediation showed significant indirect effects in all samples, supporting self-determination theoretical assumptions, reinforcing the importance of BPNs satisfaction and behavioral regulation in the relation in analysis. The results show that when coaches promote a task-involving climate, the BPNs satisfaction of athletes improves. This climate will facilitate the regulation of their behaviors toward more autonomous forms of motivation, with positive outcomes in the athletes perceived effort.
- Clima motivacional, regulação da motivação e perceção de esforço dos atletas no futebolPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; MOUTÃO, JOÃO; Baptista, Pedro; Cid, LuisO objetivo deste estudo foi testar a integração de dois modelos teóricos motivacionais (teoria da autodeterminação e teoria dos objetivos de realização), com o intuito de analisar o impacto do clima motivacional na regulação da motivação e na perceção de esforço. Participaram neste estudo 460 atletas, todos jogadores de futebol do género masculino, do nível distrital e nacional, das categorias de iniciados, juvenis, juniores e seniores, com uma média de idades de 17.42 ± 4.37 anos. A qualidade do modelo de equações estruturais foi examinada através do valor de qui-quadrado, e de alguns índices complementares de ajustamento. Os resultados suportam a adequação do modelo (S-Bχ²= 288.84, df= 147, p< 0.001, S-Bχ²/df= 1.96, SRMR= 0.049, NNFI= 0.912, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.046, 90%IC RMSEA= 0.038−0.054), evidenciando que um clima motivacional orientado para a tarefa tem um efeito positivo significativo sobre a motivação autónoma, que por sua vez tem um efeito positivo significativo sobre a perceção do esforço dos atletas. Por outro lado, um clima motivacional orientado para o ego teve um efeito positivo sobre a motivação controlada, que por sua vez teve um efeito negativo sobre a perceção de esforço, embora não seja significativo.
- Can Interpersonal Behavior Influence the Persistence and Adherence to Physical Exercise Practice in Adults? A Systematic ReviewPublication . Rodrigues, Filipe; Bento, Teresa; Cid, Luis; Neiva, Henrique Pereira; Teixeira, Diogo; Moutão, João; Marinho, Daniel; Monteiro, DiogoObjective: Motivation seems to be a fundamental indicator of long-term physical exercise adherence. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) argues that social environment plays a central role in the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which might directly affect the quality of one’s motivation. Individuals who appear to be more self-determined tend to persist longer at certain behaviors. Therefore, this body of work intends to analyze the relationship between motivational variables and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context, having as theoretical background the Self-Determination Theory. Methods: This systematic review was conducted through an electronic search on Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO. Data such as instruments, main predictors and results were collected from studies published between 1985 and 2018. A total of 35 empirical studies were considered for a detailed analysis. Results: Results showed the relevance of autonomy support performed by exercise professionals, as well as the major contribution that these behaviors have toward the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, besides the inherent benefits of developing more autonomous regulations. According to the literature, few studies have analyzed interpersonal thwarting behavior and the way this relates to basic psychological needs’ frustration. Nether less, there seems to be a negative relationship between less self-determined regulations and exercise practice. Conclusion: Despite the existence of numerous cross-sectional studies that demonstrate positive correlations between SDT and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context, longitudinal research that analyzes all six dimensions of interpersonal behaviors and their relationship with persistence and adherence to exercise proves to be crucial. However, according to this review, interventions based on SDT appear to be fundamental when it comes to promote the maintenance of a long-term exercise practice.