Browsing by Author "Materatski, P."
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- Agricultura sustentável e as novas técnicas genómicasPublication . Belbute, D.; Gomes, S.; Carraço, T.; Farinha, Ana Paula; Materatski, P.; Varanda, CarlaAs Novas Técnicas Genómicas (NGTs) são técnicas desenvolvidas a partir de 2001, após a adoção da legislação sobre organismos gene ticamente modificados (OGM). Estas incluem a mutagénese dirigida, cisgénese, intragénese e transgénese. As NGTs permitem mutações genómicas precisas num organismo, podendo faze lo sem inserção de material genético estranho (mutagénese dirigida); ou com a inserção de material genético, diretamente (cisgénese) ou de uma cópia reorganizada (intragénese), proveniente de um organismo com o qual se poderia cruzar na natureza; ou ainda, por outro lado, com inserção de material genético de um organismo não cruzável na natureza (transgénese). Independentemente destas diferenças, atualmente todas as NGTs estão enquadradas na legislação dos OGMs, pelo que a sua aplicação em agricultura é bastante restritiva. Recentemente, e como já se verifica em vários outros países, a Europa tem mostrado abertura para excluir algumas NGTs da legislação dos OGM. Este artigo descreve as principais NGTs e o seu papel potencial para responder aos desafios atuais da agricultura. São ainda mostrados os avanços realizados na Europa para criação de uma legislação própria para algumas NGTs, assim como as vantagens que tal poderia trazer para a sustentabilidade da agricultura e a competitividade da economia europeia.
- Bisifusarium lunatum causing cladode soft rot in pear cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) in BrazilPublication . Xavier, L.M.S.; Farias, O.R.; Barbosa, P.R.R.; Varanda, Carla; Materatski, P.; Oliveira, V.S.; Porcino, M.M.; Barros, A.P.; Silva, H.F.; Batista, F.R.C.; Correia, K.C.; Nascimento, L.C.Cactus pear variety Miuda (Nopalea cochenillifera L. Salm-Dyck) is an important crop for the Northeast region of Brazil, composing one of the main sources of animal feed. By April 2021, cladode rot caused death of several cactus pear plants in a production area located in Itaporanga, Paraíba State, Brazil (7°21'55.35'S, 38°11'38.68'W). The infected cladodes showed brown circular necrotic spots and soft rot with perforations that extended throughout the cladode, followed by tipping over and death of the infected plants. The incidence of the disease ranged from 10 to 30% of the plants. Bisifusarium strains were isolated and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA). The colonies were purple in color on PDA. On SNA, macroconidia (n = 100) were abundant, hyaline, slightly falcate, and three-septate, measuring 11.0 to 23.1 × 2.3 to 4.1 µm. Microconidia (n = 100) were oval and generally aseptate, measuring 4.1 to 8.7 × 2.3 to 3.0 µm. Conidiogenic cells formed into short monophialides. Chlamydospores were not observed. According to these morphological features, the pathogen was initially identified as Bisifusarium lunatum (Gryzenhout et al. 2017). For further confirmation of the identification, the partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-a) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes were sequenced for a representative isolate (CMA 34; GenBank accession nos. OR536502 for TEF1-a and OR553509 for RPB2) and compared with other Bisifusarium species from the GenBank database. Subsequently, it was subjected to a phylogenetic analysis of maximum likelihood, including previously published sequences. According to BLAST searches, the TEF1-a and RPB2 sequences were 99% (637/640 nt) and 100% (312/312 nt) similar to B. lunatum (COUFAL0213: TEF1-a [MK640219] and RPB2 [MK301291]), respectively. The isolate was also clustered in a clade containing the ex-type of B. lunatum with 100% support (SH-aLRT and UFboot), being confidently assigned to this species. The pathogenicity test was performed as described by Medeiros et al. (2015) by using healthy 2-month-old cactus pear seedlings (n = 10) cultivated in a greenhouse. Sterile toothpicks were distributed over colonies of the representative isolate grown on PDA at 25 ± 2°C for 7 days. Seedling cladodes were stuck with the toothpicks, moistened with sterile water, and covered with transparent plastic bags for 24 h, thus simulating a humid chamber. Following 3 months, all control plants (stuck with sterile toothpicks) remained healthy, whereas those inoculated with the representative isolate exhibited rot symptoms. This test was performed two times. B. lunatum was reisolated from symptomatic cladodes and identified as previously described, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of B. lunatum causing soft rot on N. cochenillifera in Brazil. Besides N. cochenillifera, this species was also reported on Opuntia ficus-indica in India (Gryzenhout et al. 2017), which raises concern regarding its ability to infect other forage sources for cattle feed in Brazilian semiarid regions. The present study highlights that the precise identification of B. lunatum is a key factor to adjust control strategies and management of the disease to prevent the spread of this disease to other crops.