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Learning to cycle: body composition and balance challenges in balance bikes versus training wheels

2025-01-31Research article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Sociais::Psicologia
datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg10:Reduzir as Desigualdades
datacite.subject.sdg05:Igualdade de Género
dc.contributor.authorMercê, Cristiana
dc.contributor.authorCordovil de Matos, Rita
dc.contributor.authorMafalda Bernardino
dc.contributor.authordos Santos Bernardino, Mafalda Filipa
dc.contributor.authorBranco, Marco
dc.contributor.authorCatela, David
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-24T15:03:54Z
dc.date.available2025-06-24T15:03:54Z
dc.date.issued2025-01-31
dc.description.abstractAbstract: Background/Objectives: Empowering our children and youth to cycle empowers them to pursue a healthier, fuller, and more responsible life. The present study implemented the Learning to Cycle program with the following aims: (i) to promote learning to cycle; (ii) to investigate and compare the use of different learning bicycles, i.e., balance bicycle (BB) and bicycle with training wheels (BTW); (iii) to investigate the influence of body composition during this learning process. Methods: The program was implemented through a quasi-experimental study involving two intervention groups, with pre- and post-test evaluations. The program was applied to 50 children (M = 5.82 ± 0.94 years, 23 girls) who did not know how to cycle previously. One group explored the BB and the other the BTW for six sessions, followed by four more sessions with the conventional bicycle (CB) for both groups. The assessment of independent cycling was considered as the ability to perform, sequentially and unaided, and the various cycling milestones: self-launch, ride, and brake. The children’s body composition was accessed by the BMI’s percentile and classification according to their age and sex. Results: The program had a success rate of 88.24% for acquiring independent cycling, with 100% success in the BB group and 76.92% in the BTW group. The BB children learned significantly faster to selflaunch, ride, brake, and cycle independently. Children with higher BMI percentiles faced greater challenges in achieving balance milestones. Conclusions: BB are recommended, especially for overweight and obese children, as they help develop balance from the onset, and showed to be more efficient in learning to cycle than the BTW.por
dc.identifier.citationMercê, C.; Catela, D.; Cordovil, R.; Bernardino,M. & Branco, M. (2025).Learning to Cycle: Body Composition and Balance Challenges in Balance Bikes Versus Training Wheels. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol.10, 53. https:// doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010053
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/jfmk10010053
dc.identifier.issn2411-5142
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.15/5804
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationLife Quality Research Centre
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/10/1/53
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectlearning
dc.subjectearly childhood
dc.subjectmotor skills
dc.subjectcycling milestone
dc.subjectindependent cycling
dc.subjecthealth
dc.subjectexercise
dc.subjectfitness
dc.subjectbody composition
dc.subjectbalance
dc.titleLearning to cycle: body composition and balance challenges in balance bikes versus training wheelseng
dc.typeresearch article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleLife Quality Research Centre
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F04748%2F2020/PT
oaire.citation.endPage15
oaire.citation.issue53
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titleJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
oaire.citation.volume10
oaire.fundingStream6817 - DCRRNI ID
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameMercê
person.familyNameCordovil de Matos
person.familyNamedos Santos Bernardino
person.familyNameBranco
person.familyNameCatela
person.givenNameCristiana
person.givenNameRita
person.givenNameMafalda Filipa
person.givenNameMarco
person.givenNameDavid
person.identifier1499200
person.identifierE-7593-2012
person.identifier000000006879862X
person.identifier.ciencia-idB414-59C4-E709
person.identifier.ciencia-idC213-6C5C-86FD
person.identifier.ciencia-idAC18-D3F9-DECE
person.identifier.ciencia-id4B1F-73E2-29C9
person.identifier.ciencia-id2118-1841-45D3
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5146-6597
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-4907-7186
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5238-1069
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0759-8343
person.identifier.ridS-2015-2018
person.identifier.ridJ-3158-2016
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57226791321
person.identifier.scopus-author-id28267487300
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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