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Efeitos de programas de exercício físico na osteopenia e osteoporose
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A osteopenia e a osteoporose são caraterizados pela condição de reabsorção óssea com relevância clínica considerável, associadas à diminuição da massa óssea com maior fator de risco a fraturas, principalmente em mulheres após a menopausa e em idade avançada. O exercício físico tem sido indicado como um mecanismo não farmacológico com potencialidade de estimular a formação óssea. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo integrar e analisar a evidência existente sobre o impacto de programas estruturados de exercício físico na saúde óssea de pessoas com osteopenia ou osteoporose. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática seguindo as recomendações PRISMA 2020, com recurso aos critérios PICOS para seleção dos estudos e à escala PEDro para análise da sua qualidade. Foram incluídos sete ensaios clínicos randomizados envolvendo adultos com baixa massa óssea, com intervenções de pelo menos oito semanas. Os dados obtidos indicam que o treino de força com progressão de carga e supervisionado tende a produzir maior ganhos na densidade mineral óssea. Programas que combinam força, impacto e equilíbrio mostraram benefícios funcionais relevantes, nomeadamente na redução do risco de queda e fraturas. Já as intervenções de baixa intensidade revelaram pouca influência nos valores densitométricos, mas bons resultados funcionais e qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que o exercício físico estruturado é uma estratégia segura, viável e eficaz para reduzir a perda óssea e melhorar a função musculoesquelética nesta população. No entanto, são necessários estudos com maior rigor metodológico, amostras mais representativas e períodos de seguimento mais longos. Importa ainda sublinhar que a totalidade de estudos incluídos foram desenvolvida na Ásia, Europa, Oceânia e América. O tema permanece praticamente inexplorado em África, particularmente a Guiné Bissau, as especificidades genéticas, alimentares, estilo de vida e clima destas populações justificam investigação própria, que permita adaptar as recomendações e generalizar as conclusões científicas a nível global.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are characterised by bone resorption of considerable clinical significance, associated with a reduction in bone mass and an increased risk of fractures, particularly in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Physical exercise has been identified as a non-pharmacological approach with the potential to stimulate bone formation. The aim of this thesis was to synthesise and analyse the existing evidence on the impact of structured physical exercise programmes on bone health in people with osteopenia or osteoporosis. To this end, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using the PICOS criteria for study selection and the PEDro scale for quality assessment. Seven randomised clinical trials involving adults with low bone mass, with interventions lasting at least eight weeks, were included. The data obtained indicate that supervised strength training with progressive loading tends to produce greater gains in bone mineral density. Programmes combining strength, impact and balance demonstrated significant functional benefits, particularly in reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low-intensity interventions, however, showed little influence on densitometric values, but yielded good functional outcomes and quality of life. It is concluded that structured physical exercise is a safe, feasible and effective strategy for reducing bone loss and improving musculoskeletal function in this population. However, studies with greater methodological rigour, more representative samples and longer follow-up periods are required. It is also important to emphasise that all the studies included were conducted in Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Americas. The subject remains virtually unexplored in Africa, particularly in Guinea-Bissau; the specific genetic, dietary, lifestyle and climatic characteristics of these populations warrant dedicated research, which would enable the adaptation of recommendations and the generalisation of scientific conclusions at a global level.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are characterised by bone resorption of considerable clinical significance, associated with a reduction in bone mass and an increased risk of fractures, particularly in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Physical exercise has been identified as a non-pharmacological approach with the potential to stimulate bone formation. The aim of this thesis was to synthesise and analyse the existing evidence on the impact of structured physical exercise programmes on bone health in people with osteopenia or osteoporosis. To this end, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using the PICOS criteria for study selection and the PEDro scale for quality assessment. Seven randomised clinical trials involving adults with low bone mass, with interventions lasting at least eight weeks, were included. The data obtained indicate that supervised strength training with progressive loading tends to produce greater gains in bone mineral density. Programmes combining strength, impact and balance demonstrated significant functional benefits, particularly in reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low-intensity interventions, however, showed little influence on densitometric values, but yielded good functional outcomes and quality of life. It is concluded that structured physical exercise is a safe, feasible and effective strategy for reducing bone loss and improving musculoskeletal function in this population. However, studies with greater methodological rigour, more representative samples and longer follow-up periods are required. It is also important to emphasise that all the studies included were conducted in Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Americas. The subject remains virtually unexplored in Africa, particularly in Guinea-Bissau; the specific genetic, dietary, lifestyle and climatic characteristics of these populations warrant dedicated research, which would enable the adaptation of recommendations and the generalisation of scientific conclusions at a global level.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
densidade mineral óssea treino de resistência impacto mecânico atividade física prevenção de quedas saúde óssea bone mineral density resistance training mechanical impact physical activity fall prevention bone health
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Pinto, C. A. (2026). Efeitos de programas de exercício físico na osteopenia e osteoporose [Dissertação de mestrado, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém]. Repositório Institucional do Politécnico de Santarém http://hdl.handle.net/10400.15/6043